Comparison
Lacs
Milk contains many essential vitamins and minerals, milk is the
nourishment which newborns depend on for a healthy start in life. This is
undoubtedly truer within the animal kingdom.
The milk of the female of the species is essential to the survival of
her offspring, and ultimately to the survival of the species as a whole. Within
the animal kingdom, survival is also dependent
on the ability of the species to defend themselves from other predators,
and from mans’ need or greed, (as with dairy herds in the
and also their behaviour within their own particular societies.
In several of them there is an issue of some kind with milk. Expressed
as desire, aggravation or aversion. weakness on the physical level
Theme: Falling is found.
|
Lac Caninum = Dog ForgetFUL (leaves purchases and walks away
without/makes mistakes when speaking or writing, using the wrong words and missing
letters. Over-sensitivity on all levels. Can fly into a rage with cursing and
swearing from slightest cfause. Changing sides: sore throat 1. one side,
2. otherside
(Rheuma in the ankles will be painful on
alternating sides/headache and ovarian pain change sides). LACK of
confidence; body feels ugly and imagine that being insulted, heaping the
feelings of worth-lessness. Had a difficult
childhood and that these difficulties can give rise to LACK of self
confidence. Delusion often epitomises the central disturbance of the
individual. Very passionate, very lascivious. Can be quite
aggressive/defensive. Feels like are going insane yet they are very aware of
it and fearful of it. Sankaran contends that the
remedy (similar to the domesticated dog) has been totally controlled and
civilised so that it has to suppress its basic animal nature and can only
express its controlled, civilised side. Fear: of snakes (delusions involving
snakes/dreams of snakes). May be of USE when a mother has lost her child
during the stage when she was still breast feeding and it has become
necessary to dry up the milk. Craving for milk (have a headache even the
thought of milk will make them sick). May have falling as causation. |
Lac Defloratum =
skimmed cows
Made
sick from milk. Kent says, ‘ much can be learned by mediating upon the milk
constitution; some may think there is a difference of importance between milk
skimmed and new milk, but for all practical purposes the skimmed milk is sufficient
and cures the oversensitiveness to milk, if used in
high potency’. ChilLY and sensiTIVE
to draughts (nothing will warm)/WEAK/fatigue from slightest motion. Low
nutritional status of the person; unable to assimilate their food, will
completely lose their appetite. DESpondent and will
want to know what is the quickest and quietest way to commit suicide. No fear
of death but are sure they are going to die. WEAK physically and mentally: As
with many of the other milk remedies the mind of this person has grown weak,
‘listlessness and disinclination for either bodily or mental exertion, loss
of memory. There is great sadness with this remedy, and the Lac Defloratum patient does not want to see or speak to
anybody. It is as if they cannot bear the suffering any longer and wish to
die. AverSION to milk, drinking milk gives a sick
headache.
|
Lac Felinum = cats milk,
craving or aversion to milk Fear
of falling down the stairs, without an accompanying feeling of vertigo. of sharp
or pointed objects. ‘Mental illusion that corners of furniture, or any
pointed object near her were about to run into her eyes; the symptom is
purely mental, the objects do not appear to her sight to be too close’. The
cat has an instinct to be wild and even though it has been raised as a
domestic pet, will often bring chewed up birds and other creatures into the
family home, ‘ a desire to be pampered as opposed to desire to be
independent’. This remedy may also be indicated in cases where there has been
incest or a rape. Dreams of sexual intercourse; many dreams of being pursued
for rape, even by relatives. |
a desire or aversion or an aggravation from
milk. |
Lac Loxodonta farican, African
elephant has its very existence threatened through being
maimed or killed by humans for their ivory tusks. Themes: murder and violence, terrible dreams.
‘I do not want to fight, but I have to or I
will die’. A sensation of timelessness with this remedy, a spaced out feeling, a strange sensation of
mental fuzziness. Time feels like passing too slowly
or it is distorted in some way. Trouble finding things due to the dullness on
the mental level and difficulty in thinking. I was surprised, as the elephant is an animal
that we associate with a good memory, ‘elephants
never forget’. Elephants also after one or more of their
group have been killed are able to stand on the same
spot a year later and ‘mourn’ for the dead. |
Lac lupinum.: Wolves very family orientated,
living together in packs ranging in size between 3 -
24 members/ led by a dominant pair (alpha male and
female)/usually mated for life and take responsibility for
the rest of the pack. Intelligent and proud, has not enjoyed kindness from mankind, and has been hunted, (predominantly
through fear and superstition), almost to extinction. Wants to protect children, or of feeling an
unreasonable amount of concern towards children (dreams
and everyday life). This feeling extends to wanting to help
others who are less fortunate. May be critiCAL,
wanting to blame others An element of confusion , repeatedly losing their keys,
wallets and purses. Interesting that through either dreams or in
reality, the provers aware of dangerous liquids and holes in the
legs of their stockings. Wolf often shot at, or else poisoned with
strychnine-treated bait. “As if dying” of feeling that one does not
have the strength to go on. Wolf has been battling for a long time
against the odds, to avoid complete extinction. |
Lac caprinum. goats’ milk, Fear of falling.
The goat is very sure-footed creature, ‘wild goats live in dry, rocky region
with little water, unlike the ibex, another member of the Capra species, they
are not marked mountain dwellers. Can climb to great heights’. Fear of being taken by surprise/FEAR of being
pointed at, with a finger or a sharp object. Response to fear is to avoid it.
Like it’s source, the goat, this person will try and find a high social
position where they have control, and ‘no-one can get me while I am up here’
kind of attitude. Become so dependent on this high position that a fear of
falling is an almost inevitable consequence. Vermeulen:
‘this falling and degrading must be prevented. One of the means to prevent it
is to be just ahead of it by hiding, camouflaging, deluding, deceiving,
telling lies, so that you cannot be caught in the very act’. A state of
indifference may ensue, serving as a mechanism not to have to face reaching
the high position, which would ultimately lead to a fall. This remedy may
also experience strong sexual urges, but is very fearful of these, almost
uncontrollable, feelings. This leads to suppression and prudish behaviour,
‘This fear is not founded on sympathy with your victim, or moral scruples,
but only on the possible consequences of being caught in the act and thereby
losing your position’. Consistent with the social climbing, dreams involving
staircases. |
Comparison Lacs and others
Another remedy that often has
activist tendencies is
Ammonium.
Both types are prone to suffer great
indignation at injustice, and both types tend to be community-minded. Let us
look briefly at the differences between Lacs and
Ammonium salts.
1st the Lac issues of
abandonment and feeling unsupported are not prominent in Ammonium cases.
2nd Ammoniums tend to
have clearer boundaries than Lacs, both in terms of
knowing when to say ‘No,’ and in terms of psychic empathy.
3rd Ammoniums do not try
to please like Lacs do. And finally, the ambivalence
seen in many Lac cases, born of a deep psychic split, is not seen in Ammonium
cases.
is another remedy that is known for
its activist inclinations. Here the similarity with Lac is less. With Causticum, advocacy is not personal. In other words, he is
not fighting for victims
because he felt a victim himself.
2nd Causticum
tends to be detached most of the time, without being split in a pathological
sense. Lac, on the other hand, is very emotional, but may become detached as a
result of a
pathological split.
Push and Pull
One area where ambivalence is seen
very often in Lac cases is in romantic relationships. Only the relationship
with the mother is more fraught with danger and filled with more opportunities
for healing.
Lacs approach romantic relationships
from one of two directions.
Either extremely wary, and slow to
warm to the other person, or they jump in heedlessly. This-all or-nothing
approach is expressed at many points in the relationship, because Lac people
are pulled so strongly towards and
away from intimacy. When they finally fall, they fall hard, and then they can
switch from aloofness to being clingy and dependent.
It is common for a Lac person to
state that they have been clingy in some relationships, and aloof in others.
The middle ground of open adult relating is not so easy to maintain, since the
early dynamics of reaching out for,
or pulling away from mother, are so strong.
The Lac individual often finds
herself caring for her partner. She may have chosen a partner who needs help,
such as an alcoholic, in which case she will give and give until she feels
resentful
that she is getting little back. Or
she may adopt the role of parent to a man who is emotionally immature. By
looking after him, she wins his love, but fails to achieve true intimacy.
After taking the indicated Lac
remedy, many individuals begin to see their co-dependency more clearly, and
move toward healthier relating.
Boundaries
There are many similarities between
Lac remedies and Natriums and Ignatia.
However, one important difference is
the strength of personal boundaries. These are strong in the case of Natrium and Ignatia, weak in Lac
cases.
Again we can postulate the origins
of these weak boundaries as arising from the early experience of failure to
bond adequately to the mother. A newborn child has no sense of boundaries.
Through bonding to the mother, it
gradually learns that it is not its mother; that she is a separate entity. In
the process, the child learns that it has boundaries, which separate it from
the world,
and from other people.
When bonding to the mother is weak,
these lessons are not learned so distinctly. The child continues to try to
merge with the mother, and hence differentiation is not completed. This results
in indistinct personal boundaries in
Lac individuals (as it does in Boron individuals, who seem to go through
similar dynamics at birth).
Weakness of personal boundaries expresses
itself in several ways in Lac cases. First of all, Lac people are extremely
empathetic. They actually feel the feelings of other people, through a kind
of psychic osmosis.
In this sense Lacs.
resemble Phosphorus
and Carcinosinum. Like the
latter, many Lac people become healers and therapists, and they struggle to
keep their feelings separate from their
clients.
2nd Lac people are
co-dependent, which means they cannot separate their own responsibilities from
those of others. As a result they tend to take on too many responsibilities.
And when they
fail to fulfill
a responsibility that was not theirs in the first place, they feel guilty.
Since Lac people never feel secure
in their family of origin, it follows that they will easily feel guilty. When
you know deep down that you belong, you do not fear that by making a mistake
you will be expelled. It is this
fear that Hellinger has shown to be behind most
personal guilt).
There is a lot of similarity between
Carcinosinum and Lac cases (very close to Lac felinum).
Suffice for now to note that the
principal issue for Carcinosinum is the search for
Self, whereas for Lac it is the search for connection to others.
[Alifiya Dedanwala]
Report on a seminar on Lac Remedies held in
Mumbai, at which Drs. RajanSankaran, Jayesh Shah, SujitChatterjee,
Mahesh Gandhi, Paresh Vasani,
Dinesh Chauhan and Shekhar Algundgi presented.
A remarkable three day National Mega
Seminar was held at the Birla Matoshree Sabhagriha at Marine lines, Mumbai on 7, 8 and 9 of
September’18, organized and
marketed by the team of ‘the other
song’ International Academy and Clinic of Advanced Homeopathy.
The seminar gave some interesting
understanding of the Lac Remedies. Dr. Massimo Mangialavori
was a special guest speaker from Italy. He is an internationally
renowned teacher and practitioner
who has recently published a book called “Milk Remedies” based on 14 Lac
remedies.
[Dr. Sankaran]
Introduction to the Animal kingdom and
its differentiation from plants and minerals. Dr. Sankaran
cited a list of different rubrics from the repertory that gave a holistic
understanding of mammalian group of remedies that enabled him to derive the
‘sensation’ in mammals. He described a strong maternal instinct with a need to
belong or be a part of a group, as one’s security lies within the group, and
the price that one pays for it by submitting his/her freedom.
Besides this a strong maternal
instinct, to nurture, care, protection and competition/hierarchy within the
group or outside were some distinguishing features to take note
of. He also quoted a few examples
such as a dream of cousins, we see 3 Lac remedies- Lac humanum, Lac lupinum and Lac maternum. This could be understood
further as cousins are someone who
don’t belong to the immediate family but are a part of a larger family. Another
such rubric was forsaken by friends where we see Lac humanum,
Lac leoninum, Lac maternum and here again we see the theme of being removed
or thrown out of the group. Commonly seen problems in mammals included issues
with menses and lactation.
[Dr. Massimo Mangialavori]
A systematic organization of his
cases and gave a brief overview of his method, based on the extensive research
over 33 years of clinical practice, and on clinical results of cases he had
cured using those remedies. He broadly classified Lacs
based on:
Wild and Domesticated
Prey and Predator
Nipple
Chemical components
Pregnancy period
Number of babies
Size of the head
Mammals taxonomy
He stressed the issue of headaches
commonly seen in mammals, different sizes of their heads, the position of
nipples wherein for some it is located on the chest and
some over their abdomen. He
identified different characteristic themes among mammals and established a
better understanding with human expressions. He gave
some interesting insights into
remedies like Lac
assinum, Lac glama or jama, Lac equinum, Lac ovis.
He meticulously explained expressions
of each of them where in Lac assinum we get the
impression of someone going through intolerable suffering, yet one continues
to bear it. They act dumb and
annoying, but that is a way of seeking attention from the group. We see here
passive aggression, self devaluation, not as good as others
which is seen in the rubric
‘Delusion-he is doing useless work’.
Next we see Lac glama
with a similar kind of suffering like in Lac assinum,
but here they are more resilient, enduring and also we see stoicism. They are
revolutionary
but they show they can endure
whatever you do to them. Here the idea of being a revolutionary is inside and
not outside, and the feeling is, “You can torture me but
you cannot change me from inside.”
Also, a strong sense of oblativity, which is being
conscious of one’s sense of duty and service.
Lac equinum
on the other hand possesses s strong sense of duty and can never go against the
will of his master. You can see someone who is honest, intelligent and
submissive to his master. When one sees his values match with his master then
he completely devotes himself. Lac ovis possessing a
sense of conformity and doing what the masses do. These people are highly
irresolute about everything and go where the tide goes. Not having a mind of
their own and want to be identified in the crowd so their survival is through
camouflage. Clinically correlating, we see wandering and migrating pains,
disorientation just like in the mind state.
[Dr. Paresh
Vasani]
24-year-old woman who came with belching,
acne and difficulty in communicating. She received Lac defloratum as her remedy, portraying the qualities of a meek,
helpless and nervous person with no
say or choice of her own. This case stresses the hand gestures made by the
patients while describing a particular phenomena.
She beautifully showed circular
motion of her finger to depict boredom from a mundane job.
As a known fact cows were used to
Plodder in the fields and went round and round for hours together doing the
same work all day. This observation was used
to confirm her remedy with her
fundamental feeling of being abused, tortured, troubled, dominated and
suppressed by someone superior which as a whole fit the mammalian theme. Dr. Vasani emphasized going to the level of experience and
source in case-taking, which then enables us to locate a simillimum
which gives
healing at the deepest level. Dr. Vasani also
shared insights into the survival (prey and predator) qualities of mammals.
To conclude and summarize the first
day, we had Dr. Sankaran who gave a comprehensive
understanding of the proving he conducted of remedies like Lac caprinum,
Lac defloratum,
Lac leoninum and Lac humanum. Some interesting highlights from the same are as
follows.
Need for space seen in Lac caprinum was very
marked with fear of sharp teeth, sensitivity around the neck, butting, need to
push to create his space, and need
to go to a higher place for safety
were some of the distinguishing features.
Theme of dirty, abuse, violence, helpless, being neglected, fear of
sudden danger with horror of shut places were some symptoms that came in the
proving
symptoms of Lac defloratum.
Desire to smash, crash, pounce and jump were some of the words the provers of Lac leoninum Here we
see someone who is highly ambition, will fight to finish
and not submit.
Conflict between spiritualism and materialism, of selfishness versus
selflessness, or doing things for themselves versus doing for the community,
were important
themes seen in the proving of Lac humanum.
[Dr. Jayesh
Shah]
Presented a case of a 40-year-old
mother, dentist by profession suffering with profuse menses, fibroids, varicose
veins and a lot of emotional and mental complaints. She was anxious about her
daughter who was suffering from SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus).
Through the case, he explained the concept of the mammalian brain which has
primarily to do with the limbic system which controls our emotions and
feelings. Her qualities of being resilient, enduring as much pain as possible,
being calm in difficult situations, idealism, care-giving and resourcefulness
along with a feeling of being trapped in an emotional urge to help, indicated Bubalus bubalis (remedy from
buffalo milk) in her case. Dr. Shah also said that the main sensations in this
remedy as seen in several cases are a pulled down, dragging, lodged down
sensation. This aspect was confirmed in the patient’s experience in her chief
complaint where she experienced the pain as something being dragged and pulled
down.
In Indian culture the buffalo’s milk
is widely used for drinking and preparing milk products like ghee and curd.
Therefore, he believes this medicine could be of great
use in Indian homeopathic practice.
Interestingly, in this case the patient had increased sensitivity towards odors during her pregnancy where she could easily smell
ghee being used in neighbor’s house or curd turning sour from a distance. Dr.
Shah finely differentiated other remedies from the cattle family such as Lac defloratum,
Lac vaccinum, Lac vaccinum
coagulatum, Lac vaccinum flos, Lac oxinum and Lactic acid.
In his understanding, we see a lot of abuse, violence, torture in Lac defloratum wherein the person succumbs to the pain often
leading to depression and loneliness, whereas in Bubalus
bubalis (= water
buffalo) we see a lot of resilience, strength to endure and
withstand pain and suffering.
He spoke about another case of a
young woman with PCOD. She came with intense state of anger with trembling of
hands. Her main experience was a lot of vocal abuse from in laws, being
ill-treated, unwanted and controlled. She was constantly demeaned and rejected
due to her obesity. She had violent fights with her husband where she would
strike him. She felt unloved, uncared for and rejected by her husband, in-laws
and parents. She felt her parents got her married early as they didn’t want
her.
She received Thyroidinum
(medicine prepared from the thyroid gland of sheep or cow). Chronic
persecution, chronic neglect, void, hateful, great violence, fights,
hysteria, quarrelsomeness, disgust
with themselves, self-violence are some of underlining symptoms of this remedy.
Interestingly she had dreams of a joker; wicked joker making evil faces at her,
smiling with dirty looks, scaring her and haunting her, so the persecuted
feeling was not only at the emotional level but also at the dreams or
delusional level. The thyroid gland is a composition of ammonia, hydrogen,
carbon, oxygen and iodine. This justifies the attachment with parents like in
ammonia and carbon, the violence and persecuted feeling like in nitrogen and
the intense hate and anger seen in iodine.
[Dr. Sujit
Chatterjee]
He presented a case of a lady
diagnosed with oligodendroglioma who came with left
sided jerks on account of the right sided tumor. A
perfectionist by nature,
loving and extremely hardworking
person who could pull off 18-20 hours of work a day with her main feeling of
being dominated and oppressed by people.
She felt taken advantage of and that
she was useless and worthless and worked harder and harder to compensate that.
She received Lac asinum (donkey’s milk)
for the feeling of being worthless,
stupid, inferior, helpless, forsaken and dreams of travel. Other symptoms
included dreams of snakes, suffered wrong, confusion
and obedient. A symptom worth taking
note in Lac assinum is they are sure-footed as they
travel long distances with heavy loads on them. We also see lot of
repressed anger in this remedy as
seen by Dr Massimo, which was understood very well in the patient’s dream of
blasts at petrol pump with barrels blasting.
[Dr. Mahesh Gandhi]
A case of Rattus
rattus given to a boy who came with this feeling of
being primitive and others are bigger than him and he is small. He had dreams
of being black
and was being thrown out of a black
community. He had fear of snakes and worms.
When he was asked to describe his
doodle (a scribble on paper that does not have any structure but is
spontaneously done), he felt as though he was trying to climb
a sky-scraper but was unable as he
was too small and could not hold tightly. Some interesting facts about Rattusrattus are love for food; they are very close to
humans, constantly nibbling or
munching on whatever they get and being clever. He highlighted some proving
symptoms of the remedy conducted by Dr Jayesh
Shah as follows:
Insensitivity, want of urgency, not feeling suffering of others,
indifference
Sexual immorality, increased desire
Fear of narrow and hot places
Fear of being caught
Fear being alone
Fear of lonely places
Fear of being lost
Rejected by others
Instant gratification
No sense of hygiene
Another case he described was of a
23 year old woman who came with difficulty in communication, maintaining eye
contact and state of intense fear before every
semester. She was afraid she will go
mad as her brother was already suffering from depression and she felt she may
fall a victim too. She experienced this feeling
every time she would approach her
exams and soon after they were over she would feel fine.
An incident of her father suffering
from myocardial infarct in childhood brought about a similar state of fear in
her. The fear was of being kidnapped in the absence
of her father. Irresolution over trifles, confusion about
her sexuality, fear of separation from family, fear of being kidnapped and
other mammalian qualities indicated Lac ovinum (sheep
milk) in her case on which she did beautifully.
[Dr. Massimo]
Lac ovis
do not use their own minds and rely on others for their decisions. They do not
have their individuality and their survival mechanism is by camouflage.
defenceless, naïve, innocent, easily influenced, shy, withdrawn, feeling of
inadequacy, changeable, desire to conform, stupidity, vulnerability, exhausted,
forsaken
are some of the expressions one can
look for when thinking of Lac ovis.
[Dr. Dinesh
Chauhan]
Shared a case of ankylosing
spondylosis in a 50-year-old male. One of the most
interesting and gripping cases was of a highly ambitious business man, who
apparently
wanted to be the biggest and achieve
the highest position in his business and on the other side, was a very
aggressive, powerful and revengeful person capable of
smashing anyone in front of him.
With a killer instinct, facing every
situation fearlessly and not running away from it, trying to overcome every
problem coming his way with bravery and agility, his
entire life story was inspired by
the honey badger. His thoughts and actions in every difficult situation of his
life were influenced by the honey badger. He further
spoke of how at every stage of his
life he had applied the principles of the honey badger and succeeded in his
strategies and how he also uses them to overcome problems in his business.
He received Meles
meles (prepared from the blood of honey badger) as
his remedy. Being unbiased and open to any possibility in the case is something
worth
learning here. A practitioner should
not be fixated on the remedies known to him but be prepared for the unknown and
always check for the bit that does not fit.
The art of case taking to pick up
the verbs/action words described by the patient and taking it further from
there was beautifully elicited by Dr. Shekhar Algundgi
through a spectacular case of PCOD
in a 25-year-old woman. Her only desire in life was to be a mother and have
lots of children, twins, triplets and quadruplets
and featured a strong maternal
instinct. She felt dominated by her father in law with a lot of anger,
vehemence and desire to kill him and rip him apart.
It is interesting to see how Dr. Shekhar puts himself in the background and modulates his
voice to a very soft tone in order to bring out the state of the patient.
In the experience level, the patient
describes herself as the ‘king of the jungle’, where nobody but she can have
their say, and everyone around her is supposed to
be submissive with feelings of being
a super thing where nobody can come near her.
Further she talks about claws,
pouncing, roaring loudly out of anger, ruling the jungle, being the ultimate,
glowing like a powerful lion, being the supreme most, one
who cannot be challenged, pride and
potency, breaking the den and coming out and so on… on the basis of which she
received Lac leoninum as a remedy.
Interestingly in her dreams, she saw
herself kissing, cuddling and patting lions as though they were family. She
felt a sense of comfort and pride in the dream.
Another aspect to learn from this
case was even if you are very clear about the remedy in one area, for example
at the level of delusion, it is very important to check
if it were coming up in other areas
of the patient’s life. This will certainly help us be surer of the remedy.
His second case was of a 28-year-old
woman with tendency to day dreaming. Using the Sensation method, Dr. Shekhar elicited her experience of being a small burrowing
creature residing in a cave or hole-like structure. Bushy furry tail, blind
like a mole, burrowing, hidden, weak and defenseless
were some of the source words for which she got Mephitis as her remedy.
[Dr. Massimo]
Lac loxodonta
Africans(African elephant) and Lac suis. His
understanding of Lac loxodonta Africans was of
someone who has to give up upon his own will and
desire for the sake of community.
The community for him is stability, security and protection and that they are
nothing without it. Some distinguishing features are solidity, heaviness,
slowness, inhibited anger, fullness, retention etc. In case of Lac suis we see lot of avoidance, opposition, victimization,
outcast feeling, anger and impotency. They seek pleasure through food. There is
a need to feel free and liberated in whatever they do and they do it in a
bombastic fashion. For example eating, having sex, working etc.
[Dr. Sankaran]
Summarizes the story on mammals. His
key to a successful prescription was to ‘Be sure and exact’. He also stressed
that the state could be expressed in the pathology,
symptom, mind, dream, situation and
fears and that each of them should be thoroughly examined to get a complete
picture of the patient.
With that, he presented a case of a
45-year-old male with eczema. Strong sense of justice, fighting for the nation,
family of freedom fighters, the stronger bullying the weaker and taking
advantage like the boss treats his employee were some of his expressions. He
received Lac humanum which has the conflict between
being a career builder, someone who thinks about earning and living for himself
and a nation builder, one who works in the interest of the nation.
With this wonderful case, he
concluded the seminar with a song with resonance to the song of Lac-humanum, ‘Vaishnavajana to tenekahiyepidaparayijane re’ which
means call those people who feel the
pain of others and help those in misery but never let self-conceit enter their
mind.
Vorwort/Suchen Zeichen/Abkürzungen Impressum