Polio Anhang

Polio Anhang

http://thinktwice.com/Polio.pdf (thinking twice about vaccinations)

[N.Z. Miller]

Medical research journalist and natural health advocate. He is the author of numerous articles and books on vaccines [Vaccines: Are They Really Safe and Effective?

(updated and revised 2004); Vaccines, Autism and Childhood Disorders (2003); Immunizations: The People Speak (1996); and Immunization Theory Versus Reality (1995)].

He is a frequent guest on radio and TV talk shows, including Donahue and Montel Williams, where he is often seen and heard debating doctors and other health officials.

Mr. Miller has a degree in psychology, is the director of the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute (www.thinktwice.com), and is a member of Mensa, the international

high-IQ society. He lives in Northern New Mexico with his family.

Mr. Miller began his crusade against mandatory vaccines when his son was born. Very little data could be found on this topic.

His search for the truth led him to scientific journals. There he discovered numerous studies warning medical practitioners that vaccines are often unsafe and ineffective.

His shock and anger at the suppression of this information culminated in his passionate advocacy of health freedom and informed parenting options.

Neil Miller is a health pioneer who presented documentation about vaccine safety and efficacy problems long before these concerns were made public. For example, several

ears ago he complained about toxic mercury being put into childhood vaccines and provided evidence linking vaccines and autismus.

During the past decade, cases of autismus skyrocketed by more than 500% in countries that use the MMR vaccine. In some parts of the U.S. one of every 150 children is

autistic. Recently, Congress commanded the FDA to remove mercury from vaccines, and new studies by several world-renowned scientists confirmed an MMR-autism link.

Despite the many problems uncovered in Mr. Miller’s research, he does not tell parents to reject the shots: Every year, more than 12,000 people in the U.S. file

vaccine-damage reports with the FDA documenting serious adverse reactions to mandated immunizations (children are mainly affected).

The FDA estimates that this represents just 10% of the true rate.

Even these figures pale in comparison to the number of cases of new diseases scientifically linked to inoculations: MMR and autism, polio vaccines and cancer, the hepatitis B

vaccine and MS, the Hib vaccine and diabetes, to name just a few. For these reasons, among others, I am opposed to mandatory vaccines. I do not recommend for or against

the shots. I want everyone to think through this enigmatic and controversial subject on their own. I believe that parents are capable of obtaining the facts and making

knowledgeable choices regarding the care and welfare of their children.

Mr. Miller has publicly debated the pros and cons of mandatory vaccinations with several pediatricians and other health practitioners [Chief medical epidemiologist for the

National Immunization Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]. He conducts lectures throughout the U.S. and is available to discuss his research on vaccines.

1. What is polio?

Polio is a contagious disease caused by an intestinal virus that may attack nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord.

Symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, and vomiting. Some victims develop neurological complications, including stiffness of the neck and back, weak muscles,

pain in the joints, and paralysis of one or more limbs or respiratory muscles.

In severe cases it may be fatal, due to respiratory paralysis.

2. How is polio contracted?

Polio can be spread through contact with contaminated faeces (by changing an infected baby’s diapers) or through airborne droplets, in food, or in water. The virus enters the

body by nose or mouth, then travels to the intestines where it incubates.

Next, it enters the bloodstream where A anti-polio@ antibodies are produced.

In most cases, this stops the progression of the virus and the individual gains permanent immunity against the disease .

Many people mistakenly believe that anyone who contracts polio will become paralyzed or die. However, in most infections caused by polio there are few distinctive symptoms.

In fact, 95% of everyone who is exposed to the natural polio virus won’t exhibit any symptoms, even under epidemic conditions. About 5% of infected people will experience

mild symptoms, such as a sore throat, stiff neck, headache, and fever - often diagnosed as a cold or flu. Muscular paralysis has been estimated to occur in about one of every

1.000 people who contract the disease.

This has lead some scientific researchers to conclude that the small percentage of people who do develop paralytic polio may be anatomically susceptible to the disease.

The vast remainder of the population may be naturally immune to the polio virus.

Injections: Several studies have shown that injections (for antibiotics or other vaccines) increase susceptibility to polio. In fact, researchers have known since the early 1900s

that paralytic polio-myelitis often started at the site of an injection.

When diphtheria and pertussis vaccines were introduced in the 1940s, cases of paralytic poliomyelitis skyrocketed. Documented in Lancet and other medical journals.

In 1949, the Medical Research Council in Great Britain set up a committee to investigate the matter and ultimately concluded that individuals are at increased risk of paralysis

for 30 days following injections; injections alter the distribution of paralysis; and it did not matter whether the injections were subcutaneous or intramuscular.

Polio cases skyrocketed after diphtheria and pertussis vaccines were introduced

Diphtheria and Pertussis Vaccines Introduced

Several studies show that injections increase susceptibility to polio. When diphtheria and pertussis vaccines were introduced in the 1940s, cases of paralytic polio-myelitis skyrocketed.

This chart shows the average number of polio cases per 100,000 people during five year periods before and after the vaccines were introduced.

Source: National Morbidity Reports taken from U.S. Public Health surveillance reports; Lancet (April 18, 1950), pp. 659-63.

A 1992 study, published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, validated earlier findings. Children who received DPT (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) injections were significantly

more likely than controls to suffer paralytic poliomyelitis within the next 30 days. According to the authors, “this study confirms that injections are an important cause of

provocative poliomyelitis.”

In 1995, the New England Journal of Medicine published a study showing that children who received a single injection within one month after receiving a polio vaccine were 8x

more likely to contract polio than children who received no injections. The risk jumped 27-fold when children received up to nine injections within one month after receiving the

polio vaccine. And with ten or more injections, the likelihood of developing polio was 182x greater than expected.

Why injections increase the risk of polio is unclear. Nevertheless, these studies and others indicate that “injections must be avoided in countries with endemic poliomyelitis.”

Health authorities believe that all “unnecessary” injections should be avoided as well.

Nutritional deficiencies:

A poor diet has also been shown to increase susceptibility to polio. In 1948, during the height of the polio epidemics, Dr. Benjamin Sandler, a nutritional expert at the

Oteen Veterans’ Hospital, documented a relationship between polio and an excessive use of sugars and starches. He compiled records showing that countries with the highest

per capita consumption of sugar [U.S./Britain/Australia/Canada/Sweden (with over 100 pounds per person per year)] had the greatest incidence of polio. In contrast, polio was

practically unheard of in China (with its sugar use of only 3 pounds per person per year).

Dr. Sandler claimed that sugars and starches lower blood sugar levels causing hypoglycemia, and that phosphoric acid in soft drinks strips the nerves of proper nourishment.

Such foods dehydrate the cells and leech calcium from the body. A serious calcium deficiency precedes polio. Weakened nerve trunks are then more likely to malfunction

and the victim loses the use of one or more limbs.

Researchers have always known that polio strikes with its greatest intensity during the hot summer months. Dr. Sandler observed that children consume greater amounts of ice cream,

soft drinks, and artificially sweetened products in hot weather. In 1949, before the polio season began, he warned the residents of North Carolina, through the newspapers and radio,

to decrease their consumption of these products. That summer, North Carolinians reduced their intake of sugar by 90%, C and polio decreased by the same amount!

The North Carolina State Health Department reported 2,498 cases of polio in 1948, and 229 cases in 1949 (data taken from North Carolina State Health Department figures).

One manufacturer shipped one million less gallons of ice cream during the first week alone following the publication of Dr. Sandler’s anti-polio diet. Soft drink sales were down as well.

But the powerful Rockefeller Milk Trust, which sold frozen products to North Carolinians, combined forces with soft drink business leaders and convinced the people that Sandler’s

findings were a myth and the polio figures a fluke. By the summer of 1950 sales were back to previous levels and polio cases returned to “normal”.

3. Can polio be treated?

Paralytic polio is rarely permanent. Usually there is a full recovery [30-34]. Muscle power begins to return after several days and continues to improve during the next 12-24 months.

A small percentage of cases will experience residual paralysis. In rare cases, paralysis of the muscles used to breathe can lead to death.

Treatment mainly consists of putting the patient to bed and allowing the affected limbs to be completely relaxed. If breathing is affected, a respirator or ironlung can be used.

Physical therapy may be required.

4. Does a polio vaccine exist?

In 1947, Jonas Salk, an American physician and microbiologist, became head of the Virus Research Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh. He was interested in developing a polio vaccine. In 1952, Salk combined 3 types of polio virus grown in cultures made from monkey kidneys. Using formaldehyde, he was able to “kill” or inactivate the viral matter so that it would trigger an anti-body response without causing the disease. That year he began his initial experiments on human subjects. In 1953, his findings were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

And in April of 1954 the nation’s first polio immunization campaign, directed at school children, was launched. However, shortly thereafter hundreds of people contracted polio from

Salk’s vaccine; many died. Apparently, his “killed-virus” vaccine was not completely inactivated . The vaccine was redeveloped, and by August 1955 over 4 million doses were administered in the U.S. By 1959, nearly 100 other countries were using Salk’s vaccine.

In 1957, Albert Sabin, another American physician and micro-biologist, developed a live-virus (oral) vaccine against polio. He didn’t think Salk’s killed-virus vaccine would be effective

in preventing epidemics. He wanted his vaccine to simulate a real-life infection. This meant using an attenuated or weakened for mof the live virus. He experimented with thousands of monkeys and chimpanzees before isolating a rare type of polio virus that would reproduce in the intestinal tract without penetrating the central nervous system. The initial human trials were conducted in foreign countries.

In 1958, it was tested in the U.S. And in 1963 Sabin’s oral “sugar-cube” vaccine became available for general use.

5. Which vaccine is in use today?

In 1963, Sabin’s oral vaccine quickly replaced Salk’s injectable shot. It is cheaper to make, easier to take and appears to provide greater protection, including “herd immunity” in unvaccinated people. only be given the killed-virus shot. The oral polio vaccine should only be used in “special circumstances.

6. Are polio vaccines safe?

When national immunization campaigns were initiated in the 1950s, the number of reported cases of polio following mass inoculations with the killed-virus vaccine was significantly greater than before massinoculations, and may have more than doubled in the U.S. as a whole.

For example,

Vermont reported 15 cases of polio during the one-year report period ending August 30, 1954 (before mass inoculations), compared to 55 cases of polio during the one-year period

ending August 30, 1955 (after mass inoculations)

C a 266% increase. Rhode Island reported 22 cases during the before inoculations period as compared to 122 cases during the after inoculations period

C a 454% increase. In New Hampshire the figures increased from 38 to 129; in Connecticut they rose from144 to 276; and in Massachusetts they swelled from 273 to 2027

C a whopping 642% increase (Figure 2) [26:140;29:146;42].

When national immunization campaigns were initiated in the 1950s, the number of reported cases of polio following mass inoculations with the killed-virus vaccine was significantly greater than before mass inoculations, and may have more than doubled in the U.S. as a whole.

Source: U.S. Government statistics.

Doctors and scientists on the staff of the National Institutes of Health during the 1950s were well aware that the Salk vaccine was causing polio.

Some frankly stated that it was “worthless as a preventive and dangerous to take.” They refused to vaccinate their own children. Health departments banned the inoculations.

The Idaho State Health Director angrily declared: “I hold the Salk vaccine and its manufacturers responsible” for a polio outbreak that killed several Idahoans and hospitalized

dozens more.

Even Salk himself was quoted as saying: “When you inoculate children with a polio vaccine you don’t sleep well for two or three weeks.” But the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, and drug companies with large investments in the vaccine coerced the U.S. Public Health Service into falsely proclaiming the vaccine was safe and effective.

In 1976, Dr. Jonas Salk, creator of the killed-virus vaccine used in the 1950s, testified that the live-virus vaccine (used almost exclusively in the U.S. from the early 1960s to 2000)

was the “principal if not sole cause” of all reported polio cases in the U.S. since 1961. (The virus remains in the throat for one to two weeks and in the faces for up to two months.

Thus, vaccine recipients are at risk, and can potentially spread the disease, as long as fecal excretion of the virus continues.

In 1992, the Federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published an admission that the live-virus vaccine had become the dominant cause of polio in the U.S.

In fact, according to CDC figures, every case of polio in the U.S. since 1979 was caused by the oral polio vaccine. Authorities claim the vaccine was responsible for about eight

cases of polio every year.

However, an independent study that analyzed the government’s own vaccine database during a recent period of less than five years uncovered 13,641 reports of adverse events

following use of the oral polio vaccine. These reports included 6,364 emergency room visits and 540 deaths. Public outrage at these tragedies became the impetus for removing the

oral polio vaccine from immunization schedules.

In the mid-1990s, during a period of less than five years, there were 13,641 documented adverse reactions to the oral polio vaccine. 6,364 of these were serious enough to require

hospital emergency room visits. 540 people died. Source: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS); OPV Vaccine Report: Doc. #14.

The following story is typical of the damage associated with oral polio vaccines: “Four months ago my son was taken to a local clinic for his polio vaccine. I wasn’t aware that

he was going to have one, and would have prevented it if I had known. Unfortunately, he changed from that day

C high-pitched screaming, smelly stools, non-stop crying, difficulty in breathing, high temperature, and lethargy. He also lost weight. Weeks of sleepless nights for all of us followed.

His development ceased. He had been able to stand and move around, but he went back to remaining in basically whatever position we left him in.

“My wife was six months pregnant at the time, and about a week after our son’s polio vaccine, she began to have headaches, loss of balance, muscular weakness, and frequent tiredness.

I panicked because everything seemed to be pointing to polio infection.

Then, a week after her continuous headaches began, she had to go to the hospital because there was something wrong with the pregnancy; she lost our daughter. “I tried to get a polio

test, and to find the cause of this tragic series of events, but the medical profession was extremely unhelpful.

They laughed at me. I will never know why our son suddenly stopped growing or why his development regressed. I will never know why we lost our daughter. The only thing

I am sure about is that the precursor to these events was the poliovaccine”.

[From an unsolicited e-mail received by the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute—www.thinktwice.com]

Today, fact sheets on polio published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, warn parents that the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) can cause “serious problems or even death...”

The company that manufactures the current inactivated polio vaccine warns that Guillain-Barré Syndrome, a debilitating ailment characterized by muscular incapacitation and nervous system damage, “has been temporally related to administration of an other inactivitated poliovirus vaccine.” And although this company makes the claim that “no causal relationship

has been established,” it also admits that “deaths have occurred” after vaccination of infants with IPV. Yet, like the days of old, despite these “danger alerts,” medical authorities

continue to assure parents that the currently available inactivated polio vaccine is both safe and effective.

7. How effective are polio vaccines?

Polio is virtually nonexistent in the U.S. today. However, according to Dr. Robert Mendelsohn, medical investigator and pediatrician, there is no credible scientific evidence that the vaccine caused polio to disappear. From 1923 to 1953, before the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introduced, the polio death rate in the U.S. and England had already declined on its

own by 47% and 55%, respectively. Statistics show a similar decline in other European countries as well. And when the vaccine did become available, many European countries questioned its effectiveness and refused to systematically inoculate their citizens. Yet, polio epidemics also ended in these countries.

The polio death rate was decreasing on its own before the vaccine was introduced

From 1923 to 1953, before the Salk killed-virus vaccine was introduced, the polio death rate in the U.S. and England had already declined on its own by 47% and 55%, respectively.

Source: International Mortality Statistics (1981) by Michael Alderson.

The standards for defining polio were changed when the polio vaccine was introduced. The new definition of a polio epidemic required more cases to be reported.

Paralytic polio was redefined as well, making it more difficult to confirm, and therefore tally, cases.

Prior to the introduction of the vaccine the patient only had to exhibit paralytic symptoms for 24 hours. Laboratory confirmation and tests to determine residual paralysis were not required. The new definition required the patient to exhibit paralytic symptoms for at least 60 days, and residual paralysis had to be confirmed twice during the course of the disease.

Also, after the vaccine was introduced cases of aseptic meningitis (an infectious disease often difficult to distinguish from polio) and coxsackie virus infections were more often reported as separate diseases from polio. But such cases were counted as polio before the vaccine was introduced. The vaccine’s reported effectiveness was therefore skewed.

Polio or aseptic meningitis?

Sample Months

Reported Cases of Polio

Reported Cases of Aseptic Meningitis July 1955 (Before the new polio definition was introduced.) 273

July 1961 (After the new polio definition was introduced.) 65 161

September 1966 (After the new polio definition was introduced)

5256 Cases of polio were more often reported as aseptic meningitis after the vaccine was introduced, skewing (= Verdrehte) efficacy (= Wirksamkeit) rates. Source: The Los Angeles County Health Index: Morbidity and Mortality, Reportable Diseases.

Figure 5. Polio cases were predetermined to decrease when the medical definition of polio was changed

Source: Congressional Hearings, May 1962; and National Morbidity

Reports taken from U.S. Public Health surveillance reports.

The fact that dubious tactics were used to fabricate efficacy rates was corroborated by Dr. Bernard Greenberg, chairman of the Committee on Evaluation and Standards of the American

Public Health Association during the 1950s. His expert testimony was used as evidence during Congressional hearings in 1962. He credited the “decline” of polio cases not to the vaccine,

but rather to a change in the way doctors were required to report cases: “Prior to 1954 any physician who reported paralytic poliomyelitis was doing his patient a service by way of subsidizing the cost of hospitalization... two examinations at least 24 hours apart was all that was required... In 1955 the criteria were changed... residual paralysis was determined 10 to 20 days after onset of illness and again 50 to 70 days after onset... This change in definition meant that in 1955 we started reporting a new disease... Furthermore, diagnostic procedures have continued to be refined. Coxsackie virus infections and aseptic meningitis have been distinguished from poliomyelitis... Thus, simply by changes in diagnostic criteria, the number of paralytic cases was predetermined to decrease... “.

8. Polio vaccines and cancer

In 1959, Bernice Eddy, a brilliant government scientist working in Biologics at the National Institutes of Health, discovered that polio vaccines being administered throughout the world

contained an infectious agent capable of causing cancer.

When Eddy attempted to report her findings and halt production of these contaminated polio vaccines, her government superiors barred her from publicly revealing the problem.

Instead, her lab and equipment were taken away and she was demoted [54,55].

In 1960, Drs. Ben Sweet and M.R. Hilleman, pharmaceutical researchers for the Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, were credited with discovering this infectious agent CSV-40,

a monkey virus that infected nearly all rhesus monkeys, whose kidneys were used to produce polio vaccines. Hilleman and Sweet found SV-40 in all three types of Albert Sabin’s live oral polio vaccine, and noted the possibility that it might cause cancer (administered to human babies). According to Sweet, “It was a frightening discovery because, back then, it was not possible to detect the virus with the testing procedures we had... We had no idea of what this virus would do...” Sweet elaborated: “First, we knew that SV-40 had oncogenic (= cancer-causing) properties in hamsters, which was bad news. Secondly, we found out that it hybridized with certain DNA viruses... such that [they] would then have SV-40 genes attached

[to them]...

When we started growing the vaccines, we just couldn’t get rid of the SV-40 contaminated virus.

We tried to neutralize it, but couldn’t... Now, with the theoretical links to HIV and cancer, it just blows my mind.”

Further research into SV-40 uncovered even more disturbing information. This cancer-causing virus was not only ingested via Sabin’s contaminated oral sugar-cube vaccine, but was directly injected into people’s blood streams as well. Apparently, SV-40 survived the formaldehyde Salk used to kill microbes that defiled his injectable vaccine. Experts estimate that between 1954 and 1963, 30 - 100 million Americans and perhaps another 100 million or more people throughout the world were exposed to SV-40 through ill-conceived polio eradication campaigns.

Studies published in eminent journals throughout the world appear to confirm that SV-40 is a catalyst (= Beschleuniger) for many types of cancer.

It has been found in brain tumors and leukemia.

More recently, in 1996, Michele Carbone, a molecular pathologistat Chicago’s Loyol, a University Medical Center, was able to detect SV-40 in 38% of patients with bone cancer and

in 58% of those with mesothelioma, a deadly type of lung cancer.

Carbone’s research indicates that SV-40 blocks an important protein that normally protects cells from becoming malignant.

Polio vaccines and simian virus #40 doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027

In 1998, a national cancer database was analyzed: 17% more bone cancers, 20% more brain cancers, and 178% more mesotheliomas were found in people who were exposed to SV-40-tainted polio vaccines. The National Institutes of Health created a map showing the geographic distribution of contaminated stock. Using this map, researchers found osteosarcoma bone tumor rates to be 10x higher than normal in some regions where this tainted vaccine was used.

SV-40-tainted polio vaccines: zones of contamination

Between 1954 and 1963, up to 100 million Americans were inoculated with SV-40-contaminated polio vaccines.

This chart shows areas of the country in 1955 where 10 million people received polio vaccines with either no, low, or high amounts of SV-40 in them.

Source: National Institutes of Health.

Perhaps the most alarming aspect of this ongoing simian virus debacle can be found in other studies suggesting that SV-40, introduced to humans through the polio vaccine, can be passed from human to human and from mother to child. A study of nearly 59,000 women found that children of mothers who received the Salk vaccine between 1959 and 1965 had brain tumors at a rate 13x greater than children of mothers who did not receive those polio shots.

Another study published in the U.S. medical journal Cancer Research found SV-40 present in 23% of blood samples and 45% of semen taken from healthy subjects.

Apparently, the virus is being spread sexually and from mother to child in the womb. According to biology and genetics professor Mauro Tognon, one of the study’s authors, this would explain why brain, bone, and lung cancer on the rise

Ca 30% increase in U.S. brain tumors alone over the past 25 years.

C and why SV-40 was detected in brain tumors of children born after 1965 who presumably did not receive polio vaccines containing the virus [83:163;90]. Despite official denials of any correlation between polio vaccines, SV-40, and increased cancer rates, by April 2001, 62 papers from 30 laboratories around the world had reported SV-40 in human tissues and tumors.

The virus was also discovered in pituitary and thyroid tumors, and in patients with kidney disease. Even the National Cancer Institute issued a statement that SV-40 “may be associated with human cancer.”

Studies yet to be conducted may provide additional clues about the link between contaminated polio vaccines, SV-40, and new diseases. But scientists have their hands full. The latest research has uncovered correlations between polio vaccines, another monkey virus, and AIDS.

9. Polio vaccines and AIDS

SV-40, the cancer-causing monkey virus found in polio vaccines and administered to millions of unsuspecting people throughout the world, was just one of numerous simian viruses known to have contaminated polio vaccines. “As monkey kidney culture is host to innumerable simian viruses, the number found varying in relation to the amount of work expended

to find them, the problem presented to the manufacturer is considerable, if not insuperable,” one early vaccine researcher wrote to a congressional panel studying the safety of growing

live polio-virus vaccine in monkey kidneys.“

As our technical methods improve we may find fewer and fewer lots of vaccine which can be called free from simian virus.

According to Harvard Medical School professor Ronald Desrosier, the practice of growing polio vaccines in monkey kidneys is “a ticking time bomb.” Evidently, some viruses can live inside monkeys without causing harm. But if these viruses were to somehow cross species and enter the human population, new diseases could occur.

Desrosier continued: “The danger in using monkey tissue to produce human vaccines is that some viruses produced by monkeys may be transferred to humans in the vaccine, with very

bad health consequences.”

Desrosier also warns that testing can only be done for known viruses, and that our knowledge is limited to about “2% of existing monkey viruses.”

Craig Engesser, a spokesman for Lederle Laboratories, a large vaccine manufacturing company, acknowledged that“ you can’t test for something if you don’t know it’s there.”

Virus detection techniques were crude and unreliable during the 1950s, 60s, and 70s when polio vaccines were initially produced and dispensed.

It wasn’t until the mid 1980s that new and more sophisticated testing procedures were developed. That was when researchers discovered that about 50% of all African green monkeys

C the primate of choice for making polio vaccines

C were infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a virus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the infectious agent thought to precede AIDS. This caused

some researchers to wonder whether HIVs may simply be SIVs “residing in and adapting to a human host.” It caused others to suspect that SIV may have mutated into HIV once it was

introduced into the human population by way of contaminated polio vaccines.

Vaccine authorities were so concerned about the possibility that SIV was a precursor to HIV, and that polio vaccines were the means of transmission from monkey to human, that W.H.O.

convened two meetings of experts in 1985 to explore the data and consider their options. After all, SIV was very similar to HIV and occurred naturally in the monkey species

predominantly used by vaccine manufacturers [98,100]. Nevertheless, WHO concluded that the vaccines were safe and insisted that vaccination campaigns should continue unabated.

Shortly thereafter, Japanese researchers conducted their own investigation and found that African green monkeys used to produce polio vaccines had antibodies against SIV.

The implication was clear: monkeys used to produce polio vaccines were doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027

natural carriers of a virus that looked and acted like HIV, the infectious agent linked to AIDS. In 1989, they recommended that monkeys infected with SIV not be used to make polio vaccines.

In 1990, wild chimpanzees in Africa were found to be infected with a strain of SIV that was nearly identical to HIV.

Some researchers called it “the missing link” to the origins of human immunodeficiency virus. And since chimpanzees were used to test viruses for potential use in vaccines, and were

kept in captivity by research laboratories, they could have been a source of vaccine contamination. Scientific concerns were also heightened when researchers found some West Africans who were infected with an SIV-like virus that was a fundamental twin to HIV. They called it HIV-2, and like the initial HIV subtype, it was implicated in the development of AIDS. According to Robert Gallo, expert on the AIDS virus, some versions of the SIV monkey virus are virtually indistinguishable from some human variants of HIV: “The monkey virus is

the human virus. There are monkey viruses as close to isolates of HIV-2 as HIV-2 isolates are to each other.

”In May 1991, virus-detection techniques were improved once again, and researchers found SIV DNA in the kidneys of infected monkeys. Minced monkey kidneys were (still are) used

to produce the live polio vaccine. SIV was also found in the cancer cells of an AIDS victim, and in other people as well.

To many researchers, this trail of evidence had become too persuasive to deny. Apparently, millions of people were infected with monkey viruses capable of causing AIDS and this cross-species transfer most likely occurred by way of SIV-contaminated polio vaccines.

10. Didn’t AIDS originate in Africa?

Most historians agree that AIDS originated in Africa. But Salk tested his vaccine in the U.S., and Sabin’s trials were conducted in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.

If tainted polio vaccines were responsible for introducing SIV and HIV into humans, why did the initial cases of AIDS show up on this remote continent? In March 1951, several years before Drs. Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin would scuffle over whose vaccine was the true prophylactic, Dr. Hilary Koprowski announced at a medical conference that he had become the first doctor in history to test a polio vaccine on humans. His “volunteers” included several institutionalized children with mental handicaps. They drank the vaccine in chocolate milk.

From 1957 to 1960, after years of tinkering with monkey kidneys and polio germs, Koprowski tested his own experimental polio vaccine on 325,000 equatorial Africans, including 75,000

citizens of Leopoldville, Belgian Congo (now Kinshasa, Zaire). Called by drums, rural natives travelled to local villages where they had a liquid vaccine squirted into their mouths

98% of the vaccine recipients were infants and toddlers. The youngest children received 15x the adult dosage. Though Koprowski claimed he had the backing of the W.H.O.

WHO denied sanctioning the large-scale trials.

In 1959, Dr. Albert Sabin reported in the British Medical Journal that Koprowski’s polio vaccine used in the African trials contained an “unidentified” cell-killing virus. It was never identified.

However, in 1986 the earliest known blood sample containing antibodies against HIV was traced back to 1959.

The serum came from a patient visiting a clinic in Leopoldville. There is no evidence that HIV infected humans before 1959.

Gerald Myers, a genetic sequencing expert with Los Alamos National Laboratories in New Mexico, tracked the evolution of HIV and confirmed that today’s major subtypes of the

AIDS virus in humans appear to have arisen as recently as 1960. Koprowski’s vaccine was not approved for human use, so it was discontinued in 1960 following the African trials.

Thus, it was only administered to inhabitants of the Belgian Congo, Rwanda and Burundi.

C the precise area where high levels of HIV infection were identified by researchers 30 years later.

Furthermore, the AIDS virus is known to infect mucous cells, prevalent in the mouth. The African vaccines were squirted into people’s mouths. Could squirting an HIV-contaminated polio vaccine into people’s mouths cause AIDS?

According to Tom Folks, chief retrovirologist at the CDC, “Any time a person has a lesion in his mouth, then there could be transmission” of the virus. Dr. Robert Bohannon of Baylor College of Medicine maintains that the process of squirting the polio vaccine into people’s mouths would tend to aerosolize some of the liquid. Tiny drops could then go directly into

the lungs, and from there to the blood cells susceptible to infection. This would have been an efficient mode of HIV transmission.

Disease experts believe that the average time between HIV infection and the development of AIDS is 8-10 years. If the African polio vaccine was indeed contaminated with SIV/HIV, initial outbreaks of AIDS would have occurred from the mid-1960s to early 1970s. This period accurately coincides with the emergence of AIDS in equatorial Africa.

11. Test the polio vaccines

Authorities are reluctant to acknowledge the possibility that medical scientists, preoccupied with growing polio vaccines in virus-laden monkey kidneys, may have been responsible for bringing about the AIDS pandemic. For example, Dr. David Heymann, who heads the W.H.O.’s Global Program on AIDS, flatly stated that “the origin of the AIDS virus is of no importance to science today.”

William Haseltine, a Harvard pathology professor and AIDS researcher also believes that any discussion about the origin of AIDS is distracting and nonproductive. “It’s not relevant,” and “I’m not interested in discussing it.” Jonas Salk won’t discuss the subject either.

He is now working on an AIDS vaccine. Albert Sabin believes “you can’t hang Koprowski with that.” And Koprowski dismissed the idea with a laugh, then later claimed “this is a highly

theoretical situation.”

However, samples of the polio vaccines used in Africa are kept in freezers at the Wistar Institute where Koprowski did much of his research.

They could be tested.

Tom Folks of the CDC thinks it’s a good idea to test the seed stocks of polio because “any time we can learn more about the natural history [of AIDS], it helps us understand the pathogenesis and...the transmission.” Robert Gallo also thinks it’s important to determine whether a monkey virus sparked AIDS.

Questions like this “are of more than academic interest because. answering them may help avoid future zoonotic catastrophes

C that is, transmission of disease from lower animals to humans.”

Responding to these concerns, some AIDS researchers formally requested samples of the original polio vaccine seed stocks. But the government will neither release nor test them because there are “only a small number of vials” of the material, and tests “might use it all up.”

12. AIDS within the Gay community

If AIDS originated in Africa via contaminated polio vaccines, how did this disease spread to male homosexuals in America?

In 1974, clinics in New York and California began experimental treatments for gay men afflicted with herpes.

Therapy consisted of multiple doses of the live polio vaccine. As noted earlier, this vaccine was produced in the kidneys of the African Green monkey, a known reservoir for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a likely precursor to HIV. Beginning in the early 1980s, simultaneous outbreaks of Kaposi sarcoma and serious opportunistic infections (later associated with AIDS) were reported among homosexual men (New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles).

This timespan coincides with the average incubation period between HIV infection and the development of AIDS.

In 1982, the CDC concluded that such outbreaks “strongly suggests the occurrence of a single epidemic of underlying immuno-suppression...” The following year, HIV was identified as the causative agent. And in 1992, Lancet published the first scientific explanation showing how repeated doses of SIV-contaminated polio vaccines may have seeded HIV among American homosexual men.

13. AIDS with no identified risk factor (NIR)

Another unusual event occurred in the 1980s. Hundreds of people diagnosed with AIDS had no identified risk factor (NIR).

They did not engage in risky behaviors related to AIDS infection.

The CDC also listed numerous children as NIR.

Some parents believe HIV-contaminated polio vaccines infected their loved ones.

On February 12, 1994, Bruce Williams filed a civil suit against the American Cyanamid Company, claiming its polio vaccine caused his daughter’s illness. The suit alleges that

“the live oral poliovirus vaccine was produced, tested, and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration pursuant to measures inconsistent with accepted standards of

medical practice.” The lawsuit also asserts that “the product was FDA approved despite the known presence of contaminants, including retroviruses such as HIV.”

Walter Kyle, the Williams’ lawyer, identified the specific lots of vaccine the child received, but the CDC and federal health officials have refused to test them [134:106]. Kyle believes “The CDC could disprove my entire hypothesis by testing the vaccines they have in their possession. The fact that they haven’t done so is evidence there’s something wrong with the vaccine.”

Some researchers believe the true number of NIR cases could be in the thousands.

When health officials examine people with AIDS, they try to identify a risk factor. If a patient admits he once had unprotected sex, that becomes his factor, even though there’s

no proof that is how he was infected. The evidence implicating polio vaccines grown in monkey kidneys with our current epidemics of cancer and AIDS continues to grow.

But what if polio vaccines were produced in cow serum? Would that make a difference?

14. Polio vaccines and Mad Cow disease

Mad cow disease, or bovine spongiformencephalopathy (BSE) is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle. Infected cows lose weight, drool, arch their backs, wave their heads,

teeter back and forth, threaten other cows, act crazy, and eventually die. The first case of the disease was observed in 1984. Since then, BSE has killed more than 200,000 cows.

Mad cow disease is related to scrapie, a similar disease afflicting sheep. In fact, authorities believe it spread to cows from sheep when they were fed scrapie-infected bone meal.

Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and vCJD (a newly discovered variant) are the human equivalents of mad cow disease.

They cause a comparable wasting of the brain leading to muscle incoordination, sensory loss, and mental confusion [139]. It is always fatal. There is no known cure.

There is very strong evidence that mad cow disease and the newly discovered variant of Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease are caused by the same infectious agent. For example, a 1996 study

showed that monkeys injected with BSE developed symptoms remarkely similar to vCJD. Another study showed that BSE and vCJD had similar molecular characteristics

C unlike “classical” CJD [141]. Two later studies, one published in 1997, the other in 1999, appear to confirm that BSE from cattle causes vCruetzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.

Researchers think that mad cow disease can be passed from cows to humans if they ingest BSE-infected beef, or if they receive vaccines contaminated with BSE.

BSE associated infectious agents are capable of contaminating polio vaccines because they are not only grown in monkey kidneys, but in calf serum as well. In fact, many parts of the

cow are used in vaccine production. Glycerol is derived from cow fat; gelatin and aminoacids come from cow bones; and the growth medium for viruses and other microorganisms may require cow skeletal muscle, enzymes, and blood.

Authorities knew that vaccines could be infected with BSE associated transmissible agents as early as 1988. Yet, in England, vaccine manufacturers waited months before switching

to cows less likely to be infected, and refused to remove current stock off the shelves and out of doctor’s offices until it was all sold, or expired five years later towards the end of 1993.

One outraged legislator declared that “the Department of Health was potentially criminally negligent in not requiring the immediate withdrawal or cessation of use of vaccines from potentially contaminated sources.”

Despite nation wide apprehension, manufacturers continued to disregard European guidelines.

Finally, in October 2000, the Department of Health became so concerned about the likelihood of children being infected with BSE-contaminated vaccines and falling prey to vCruetzfeldt-Jakob disease (dozens of people, including children, had already contracted it) that they issued a recall of hundreds of thousands of polio vaccines made using fetal

bovine serum extracted from British cows

doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027

In the U.S., authorities waited until December 1993 before issuing a “recommendation” that U.S. manufacturers not use bovine material from countries reporting BSE [153]. The FDA issued a second warning to manufacturers in 1996 informing them to“ take whatever steps are necessary to reduce potential risk of transmission of BSE agent [139,147].” But in March 2000, the FDA discovered

that its “recommendations” were ignored. Vaccines were still being made in bovine materials obtained from countries reporting BSE [147].

Americans have something else to be concerned about as well. Although U.S. cows do not exhibit “mad cow symptoms,” every year in the U.S. tens of thousands of cattle are severely incapacitated;

they cannot stand and walk on their own.

Farm Sanctuary, a national non-profit organization dedicated to halting irresponsible agricultural practices, believes that these “downed” animals may harbor a new variant of BSE, and is critical of

the Food and Drug Administration’s BSE surveillance efforts [154].

Despite early warning signs, downed cows are not examined for a new variant of BSE, and have not been ruled out of vaccine production [154].

Dr. Richard Marsh of the Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, conducted research providing evidence that downed cattle in the U.S. may harbor a new variant of mad cow disease.

He inoculated cows with TME, a variant of BSE. They became “downed” instead of “mad” [155].

Other scientists inoculated cows with scrapie from U.S. sheep. They, too, became “downed” instead of “mad” [156].

Responding to the FDA’s apparent indifference, Farm Sanctuary issued the following statement: “We are distressed that economic priorities have tended to take precedence over the health of

consumers. We are also concerned that, like in Britain, a powerful economic incentive exists to ignore evidence that BSE, or a variant of BSE, exists in the U.S. We urge the FDA to examine the

scientific evidence regarding BSE carefully and to act in the interest of American consumers [154].”

Regardless, the FDA did not modify its BSE surveillance policies, and vaccines made in bovine material obtained from countries reporting BSE were not going to be removed from the market for at least another year, until 2002

C after all existing stock had been purchased and consumed [139,147].

15. More animal viruses

Thousands of viruses and other potentially infectious micro-organisms thrive in monkeys and cows, the preferred animals for making polio vaccines [83:159]. SV-40, SIV, and BSE associated

transmissible agents are just three of the disease-causing agents researchers have isolated.

For example, scientists have known since 1955 that monkeys host the “B” virus, foamy agent virus, haemadsorption viruses, the LCM virus, arboviruses, and more [157]. Bovine immunodeficiency

virus (BIV), similar in genetic structure to HIV, was recently found in some cows [103:100].

In 1956, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was discovered in chimpanzees [158]. According to Dr. Viera Scheibner, who studied more than 30,000 pages of medical papers dealing with vaccination,

RSV viruses “formed prominent contaminants in polio vaccines, and were soon detected in children [159].”

They caused serious cold-like symptoms in small infants and babies who received the polio vaccine [159]. In 1961, the Journal of the American Medical Association published two studies confirming

a causal relationship between RSV and “relatively severe lower respiratory tract illness [160].” The virus was found in 57% of infants with bronchiolitis or pneumonia, and in 12% of babies with a

milder febrile respiratory disease [161]. Infected babies remained ill for three to five months [161]. RSV was also found to be contagious, and soon spread to adults where it has been linked to the

common cold [162].

Today, RSV infects virtually all infants by the age of two years, and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants and children under one year of age [163]. It also causes

severe respiratory disease in the elderly [164]. RSV remains highly contagious and results in thousands of hospitalizations every year; many people die from it [165].

Ironically, scientists are developing a vaccine to combat RSV [166]

C the infectious agent that very likely entered the human population by way of a vaccine [159].

Dr. John Martin, a professor of pathology at the University of Southern California, has been warning authorities since 1978 that other dangerous monkey viruses could be contaminating polio vaccines.

In particular, Martin sought to investigate simian cytomegalovirus (SCMV), a “stealth virus” capable of causing neurological disorders in the human brain. The virus was found in monkeys used for

making polio vaccines. The government rebuffed his efforts to study the risks [83:159–61]. However, in 1995, Martin published his findings implicating the African green monkey as the probable source

of SCMV isolated from a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome [167].

In 1996, Dr. Howard B. Urnovitz, a microbiologist, founder and chief science officer of Calypte Biomedical in Berkeley,

California spoke at a national AIDS conference where he revealed that up to 26 monkey viruses may have been in the original Salk vaccines. These included the simian equivalents of humane chovirus,

coxsackie, herpes (HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8), adenoviruses, Epstein-Barr, and cytomegalovirus [168-170]. Urnovitz believes that contaminated Salk vaccines given to U.S. children between 1955

and 1961 may have set this generation up for immune systemdamage and neurological disorders. He sees correlations between early polio vaccine campaigns and the sudden emergence of human T-cell leukemia, epidemic Kaposi’s sarcoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, herpes, Epstein-Barr and chronic fatigue syndrome[168:1].

Urnovitz also discussed “jumping genes”—normal genes that may recombine with viral fragments to form new hybrid viruses called chimeras. He believes that this is exactly what happened when

monkey viruses and human genes were brought together during early polio vaccine campaigns. And because the chimera “has the envelope of a normal human gene,” typical cures won’t work.

How do you develop a vaccine or other antidote against the body’s own DNA [168:1-4;171]?

16. Mutated polio strains

Several years ago, the W.H.O. launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, with 2000 as its target date for eliminating the disease. However, by 2000 it became clear that not only was polio still

around, but new strains of the disease -derived from the vaccine itself- were emerging [172]. Researchers first noticed something unusual in 1983. Outbreaks of polio in Egypt were being caused by

a “vaccine-derived” polio virus [173].

In 1993, Dr. Radu Crainic of the Pasteur Institute, discovered that strains of the polio virus have the ability to spontaneously recombine with themselves and create new strains.

Crainic showed that if you vaccinate a child with polio strains 1, 2, and 3, you can produce a new strain, strain 4, out of the child’s stool. Crainic concluded that the polio vaccine creates favorable conditions contributing to the evolution of viral “recombinations” [174].

In October 2000, virologist Hiromu Yoshida of Japan’s National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Tokyo reported finding a new infectious polio virus in Japanese rivers and sewage. Genetic

sequencing confirmed that the virus had mutated from the polio vaccine and regained much of its original virulence [175]. According to Yoshida, it poses a “persistent environmental threat [172].”

In December 2000, researchers reported on a polio outbreak in Haiti and the Dominican Republic that resulted in numerous cases of flaccid paralysis [173]. Laboratory examinations confirmed

health authorities’ worst suspicions: the disease was caused by “an unusual viral derivative” of the polio vaccine. The virus demonstrates genetic similarity to the parent vaccine strain, “

but it has assumed the neurovirulence and transmissibility” of the wild polio virus [173]. Health officials are obviously concerned, “because a wild poliovirus has not circulated in the Western

Hemisphere since 1991,” and if the newly mutated polio virus spreads, it could cause new epidemics of the disease (Figure 8) [173].

Figure 8. Polio eradication with vaccines: a vicious cycle?

The wild polio virus brought about the development of polio vaccines, which spawned mutations of the polio virus, resulting in new “vaccine-derived” wild polio viruses.

Source: Virology 1993; 196:199-208; Lancet (October 28, 2000); Reuters Medical News (December 4, 2000)

17. How is today’s polio vaccine produced?

Despite the polio vaccine’s long history of causing polio, and the manufacturer’s inability to protect the public from dangerous microorganisms that perpetually contaminate their ever growing

repertoire of “new and improved” products, the currently availble inactivated, or “killed-virus” polio vaccine continues to be manufactured in much the same way as earlier versions.

Animal matter and questionable drugs are still used. In the U.S., today’s polio vaccine is a sterile suspension of three types of poliovirus. “The viruses are grown in cultures of a continuous line

of monkey kidney cells...supplemented with newborn calf serum...”

The vaccine also contains two antibiotics (neomycin and strepto-mycin), in addition to formaldehyde as a preservative [3].

In Canada an ada, the inactivated polio vaccine is produced in “human diploid cells” instead of monkey kidneys [83:163]. Some researchers believe this is a safer alternative. According to Barbara Loe

Fisher, president of the National Vaccine Information Center in Vienna, Virginia, “With mounting evidence that cross-species transfer of viruses can occur, the U.S. should no longer be using animal

tissues to produce vaccines [91].” However, Dr. Arthur Levine of the National Institutes of Health believes that making polio vaccines using human cells isn’t risk-free either, “because they must be

tested for human infections [176].”

18. Are positive changes possible?

Government officials worry that even debating the issue will frighten parents. Levine probably speaks for many people within the vaccine industry when he declares: “We do a grave disservice

to the public if we were now to question the safety of the current polio vaccines... [176]”

But Barbara Loe Fisher would like to see changes in the way vaccine safety is governed. She believes that agencies like the FDA have an inherent conflict of interest because of their mandate to

promote universal vaccination on the one hand and regulate vaccine safety on the other. “Who’s minding the store when the FDA has allowed drug companies to produce vaccines grown on

contaminated monkey kidneys?

” Fisher asks. “What happened to protecting the public health [60]?”

Dr. John Martin agrees. He believes that we need to immediately determine the prevalence of stealth viruses of simian origin in the U.S., and whether they may be contributing to chronic immune system

and brain disorders in children and adults [177]. Dr. Urnovitz is even more resolute in his convictions. He thinks that an extensive study of human exposure to simian microbes is long overdue.

“Half of the people in this country are baby boomers who were born between 1941 and 1961 and are at high risk for having been exposed to polio vaccines contaminated with monkey viruses.

Are we just a time bomb waiting to happen, waiting to develop lupus, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease [168:4,5;169]?”

Urnovitz also challenged medical science to prove him wrong. “What we are saying here is that there is a strong probability that no human retroviruses existed before the polio vaccines...

You have to realize that if you mess around with nature, you’re going to pay the price... The objective here is a better, healthier world... [168:4,5;169;171]”

References

[1]

Okonek BM,

et al.

Develop

accines.

Access Excellence Clas-

sic Collection,

February

16, 2001:1. www.acce

ssexcellence.org/AE/AEC

/CC/polio.htm

[

]

Volk WA, et al.

sic Microbiology,

edition.

Philadelphia, PA: J.B.

ppincott Co.

1980:455.

[

]

ysician

’

s Desk

Ref

ren

ce (PDR); 5

edition.

Montvale,

NJ: Medical

onom

ics,

2001:778.

[

]

et, M., et al.

tural History of I

fectious Disease

New York, NY:

Cam

dge Univer

sity

ess,

1972:16.

[

]

Neustaedter

The Vaccine Guide

. Berkeley, Calif

ornia: North

Atlantic

Books,

1996:107–8

[

]

Baby Center. The Polio Vacci

ne (0-12 m

onths).

www.babycenter.

com

fcap/155.

htm

P_bid=

[7]

Moskowitz R.

unizations: T

e Other

Side.

Mothering

Spr

1984:36.

[

]

Houchaus. Ueber Poliom

elitis acuta.

Munch Med W

chenschr

1909;

56:2353–55.

[

]

Lam

ert SM. A yaws cam

paign and an

epidem

ic of

poliom

elitis in West-

ern Sam

J Trop Med Hyg

1936; 39:41–6.

doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027

N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas

1 (2004) 239–251

249

[10]

ndsay

et al.

Neurology and Neurosur

gery I

llustrated.

burgh/London/New York: Churchill Livi

ngston, 1986:100. Fi

gure

lio incidence r

tes obtained fr

National Mor

idity

Repor

ts.

[11]

McCloskey

BP.

e r

lation of pr

ophy

lactic

inoculations to the onset of

poliom

letis.

Lancet,

Apr

il 18,

1950:659–63.

[

]

Gef

DH.

cid

par

sis occur

ng in L

ondon childr

n within

four

weeks after

unization.

Med Officer

1950;83:137–40.

[13]

Mar

tin JK.

cal par

s in children

ter

injections.

Arch Dis Child

1950; 25:1–14.

[

14]

Hill AB, et al. Inoculation

and

liom

elitis. A statistical investigation in

ngland and W

les in 1949.

British Medical Journal

1950; ii:1–6.

[15]

Medical Research Council Com

itt

ee on Inoculation Proce

. P

liom

elitis

and prophy

lactic

inoculation.

Lancet

1956;

ii:1223–31.

[

]

tter R

, et al. Attrib

le ris

DTP (Dip

hther

and T

tanus T

oxoids

rtussis Vaccine) injection in

provoking paraly

tic poliom

elitis during

a large outbreak in Om

an.

Journal of I

fectious Disea

1992; 165:444–9.

[

17]

Strebel

PM,

et al. Intram

uscular in

jections within 30 day

of im

unization

with oral poliovirus vaccine—a risk f

actor f

r vaccine-associated paraly

poliom

elitis.

New E

ngland J of Med,

Febr

uar

23,

1995:500+.

[18]

itor

al.

ovocation par

sis.

Lancet

1992; 340:1005.

[

19]

Wyatt HV. Provocation poliom

elitis: neglect

obs

ons

1914-

1950.

lletin of Historical Medicine

1981; 55:543–57.

[

20]

Townsend-Coles,

W.F

and Findlay, G.M. Poliom

elitis in relation to i

scular

injections of

quinine and other

ugs.

Trans R

Soc Trop

1953; 47:77–81.

[

]

elitis

tropical

rica.

Bull

1980; 58:285–91.

[

22]

Bodian

D. Virem

a in experim

ntal poliom

elitis. II. Virem

a and the

echanism

the

ovoking

ect of

injections of

traum

Amer J Hyg

1954; 60:358–70.

[

23]

Wyatt HV. Incubation of

poliom

elitis as calc

e cen

tral n

vous

stem

via

the per

pher

l ner

e pathway

Rev Infect Dis

1990; 12:547-

56.

[

24]

Wyatt HV, et al. Unnecessary in

jections and paralytic poliom

elitis

ndia.

Trans R

Soc Trop Med Hyg

1992; 86:546–9.

[25]

Chandr

a RK.

Reduced secr

etor

antibody

sponse

live

attenuated

ea-

sles and poliovirus vaccines

in m

lnourished children.

British Medical

Journal

1975; ii:583–5.

[26]

McBean

The P

isoned Needle

. Mokelum

e Hill, Calif

ornia: Health

Resear

ch,

1957:116.

[27]

Sandler

erican Journal of P

thology,

Januar

1941.

[28]

Sandler

events

Polio

(Milwaukee: Lee Foundation for Nutritional

Resear

ch,

1951)

[29]

Allen

Don’

t Get Stuck:

The Case A

gainst V

ccinations.

(Old

ar, Flor

ida: Natur

l Hy

giene Pr

ess,

1985:166.

[

30]

Harry NM. The recovery

period in anterior poliom

elitis.

British Medical

Journal

1938; 1:164–7.

[

31]

Sharrard W. Muscle

recovery in poliom

elitis.

J B

one Joint Surgery

1955;

37B:63–79.

[32]

Affeldt JE

et al.

Functional and

vocational

ecover

in sever

poliom

eli-

tis.

Clin Orthop

1958; 12:16–21.

[

]

liom

elitis.

Can Med A

ssoc

1959; 81:343–6.

[34]

Ram

ow,

et al.

idem

iology

of the post-

polio sy

ndr

erican

Journal of E

idemiology

1992;136:783.

[35]

A Science Ody

ssey

People and Discover

es.

Salk pr

oduces

polio

vac-

cine.www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/data

bank/entries/dm

52sa.htm

[

36]

Strebel PM., et

al.

Epidem

iology

poliom

letis in U.S. one decade af

ter

the

last

por

ted case of indigenous wild vir

s associated disease,

Clinical

fectious Diseases

CDC,

Febr

uar

1992:568–79.

[

37]

Gorm

an C. When th

e vaccine causes the polio.

Time

October

30,

1995:83.

[

38]

Shaw D. Unintended casualties in war on polio.

iladelphia I

nquirer

June

1993:A1.

[39]

Morbidity

and Mortality

Week

Report (MMWR):

CDC. 2000; 49:1–22.

[

40]

Reuters Medical News. CDC pub

lishes Updated Poliom

elitis

prevention

recom

ndations for the

U.S.,

22, 2000. www.id.m

edscape.com

euter

/pr

f/2000/05/05.

22/20000522plcy

001.

htm

[

41]

The Associated Press.

Polio cases caused by vaccine.

The Santa F

New

Mexican

Januar

31,

1997.

[42]

Data taken fr

gover

nt statistic

as r

por

ted in

Associated

ess

dispatch fr

Boston,

August 30,

1955.

[

43]

As reported by Saul Pett in an A

ssociated Press dispatch f

Pittsburgh,

October

11,

1954.

[44]

shington P

st,

Septem

ber

24,

1976.

[

45]

erican Academ

y of

Pediatrics,

port of the Committee on I

fectious

Diseases:

1986

(Elk Grove Village

, Illinois: AAP):284–5.

[

46]

Institute of

Medicine. An eval

uation of

poliom

elitis vaccine policy

op-

tions.

M P

ublication 88-

(

ashington

DC: National Academ

of Sci-

ences,

1988)

[

47]

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporti

ng System

(VAERS), Rockville, MD.

[

48]

IOS. The Polio vaccine coverup

OPV Vaccine Report:

Docum

#14.

www.ios.com

~w1066/poliov6.htm

[49]

Depar

nt of Health and

Hum

n Services. Polio:

What You Need to

Know,

Atlanta,

GA: CDC,

October

15,

1991:3.

[50]

Mendelsohn

w to

ise a

Hea

lth

y Ch

ild

...In

ite o

cto

(

allantine Books,

1984:231.

[51]

Alder

International Mortality Statistics,

shington,

DC: Facts on

File,

1981:177–8.

[52]

Hear

ings Befor

the Com

ittee on I

ter

tate

and

For

ign

Com

ce,

House of Repr

esentatives,

Congr

ess,

Session on HR 10541.

May

1962:94–112.

[53]

Los Angeles County

Health

Inde

x: Morbidity

and Morality

, Reportable

Diseases.

[54]

O’

Her

ofiles: Pioneer

Scientists. Bethesda, MD: National

Institutes of

Health.

[

55]

Curtis T, Manson P. Scientist’

s Polio Fear Unheeded:

How

U.S.

Re-

searcher’s Warning Was Silenced.

The Houston P

1992:A1 and A12.

[

56]

Sweet BH, Hillem

n MR. The

Vacuol

ating Virus: SV-40. As cited in The

lio

accin

riarty, T.J

www.

chr

onicillnet.

online/bensweet.htm

[

57]

Moriarty T.J. The polio vaccine

and

sim

an virus 40. Online News Index.

www.chronicillnet.org/

online/bensweet.htm

[58]

Shah K,

Nathanson N.

Hum

n exposur

SV40.

erican Journal of

Epidemiology

1976;103:1-

12.

[

59]

Curtis T. The origin of

AIDS: A st

ry attem

ts to answer the

question

Was it an act of

God or an act of

lling Stone

Mar

h 19,

1992:57.

[60]

Bookchin D,

Schum

aker

inted Pol

accine Still Carries Its Threat 40

Years Later.

The B

ston Globe,

Januar

26,

1997.

[

61]

Innis MD. Oncogenesis and poliom

elitis vaccine.

Nature

, 1968;

219:

972–

[

62]

Soriano F, et al. Sim

an virus 40 in a

hum

cancer.

Nature,

1974;

249:421–4.

[

63]

Weiss

AF,

et al. Sim

an virus

40-related antigens in three hum

an m

ingiom

as with defined chr

som

loss.

Proceedings of the National

ademy of Science,

1975;72(

:609–13.

[64]

Scher

eck S,

et al.

olation

of a SV-

40-

like papovavir

s fr

a hum

glioblastom

ternational Journal of Cancer,

1979;24:523–31.

[

65]

Stoian M, et al. Possible rela

tion between viruses and

orom

axillof

acial

tum

Resear

ch on the pr

esence

of SV40 antigen and specific antibod-

ies in patients with orom

axillof

acial tum

rs.

rologie

1987;38:35–40.

[

66]

Stoian M, et al. Possible rela

tion between viruses and

orom

axillof

acial

tum

Detection of SV40 antigen

and of anti-

SV40 antibodies in pa-

tients with parotid gland tum

rs.

rologie

1987;38:41–6.

[67]

avo MP,

et al.

Association be

tween the occur

nce of

antibodies to sim

ian vacuolating vir

s 40 and bl

adder

cancer in m

le sm

okers.

Neoplasma

1988;35:285–8.

[68]

O’

Connell K,

et al.

ndothelial cells tr

ansfor

d by

SV40 T

antigen

Kaposi’

s sar

like tum

in nude m

ce.

erican Journal of P

thol-

ogy

1991;139(

:743–9.

[69]

iner

et al.

olation of vi

s r

lated to SV40 fr

patients

with

gressive m

ltifocal

leukoencephalopathy

New E

ngland Journal of Medi-

cine

1972;286:385–90.

[70]

buchi

Scr

eening

of hum

an br

ain tum

for

SV-

40-

lated T

antigen.

ternational Journal of Cancer

1978;21:12–7.

[71]

Meinke

W, et al. Sim

an viru

s 40-related DNA sequences in a hum

an brain

tum

Neurology

1979;29:1590–4.

[

72]

Krieg

et al. Episom

al sim

vir

s 40 genom

es in hum

an br

ain tum

Proceedings of the National Academy of Science

1981; 78:6446-

50.

[73]

ieg P,

et al.

Cloning of

SV40 genom

es fr

hum

an br

ain tum

Viro

ogy

1984;138:336–40.

[74]

Geissler

SV40

hum

an intr

acr

anial tum

: passenger

vir

s or

onco-

genic

hit-and-run

agent?

Z Klin Med

1986;41:493–5.

doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027

N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas

1 (2004) 239–251

250

[75]

Geissler

SV40 and hum

an br

ain tum

ogress in Medical V

rology

1990;37:211–22.

[76]

Bergsagel DJ, et al. DNA sequences

sim

ilar to those of sim

an virus 40 in

ependy

s and chor

oid ple

xus tum

of childhood.

New E

ngland

Journal of Medicine

1992;326:988–93.

[77]

Mar

tini,

et al.

Hum

n br

ain tum

and sim

an vir

s 40.

Journal of

the

National Cancer Institute,

1995;87(

17)

:1331.

[78]

dnicky

JA,

et al.

Natur

l Sim

an Virus 40 Strains are

Present

Hum

Chor

oid Plexus and E

endy

rology

1995;212(

:710–7.

[79]

Tognon M, et al

. Large T Antigen

Coding

Sequence of Two DNA Tum

Vir

ses,

BK and SV-

40,

and

Nonr

andom

Chr

som

Changes in T

Gioblastom

Cell Lines.

cer

Gen

tics and Cytogenics

1996;90(

: 17–

23.

[80]

Vilchez RA,

et al.

Associa

tion between sim

an vir

s 40 and non-

hodgkin

phom

Lancet,

(

ch 9,

2002)

359: 817–23.

[81]

Car

bone,

et al.

SV-

40 L

ke Sequences in Hum

n Bone T

Onco-

gene

1996;13(

:527–35.

[82]

Pass,

Car

bone,

et al.

ence For

and I

plications

SV-

Sequences

in Hum

n Mesotheliom

portant A

vances in Oncology

1996:89-

108.

[

83]

Rock,

Andrea. The Lethal Dangers

the Billion Dollar Vaccine Business,

Money

, Decem

ber 1996:161.

[84]

Carlsen,

Rogue virus in the

vaccine: Early

polio vaccine harbored virus

now

eared

to cause cancer in hum

ans.

San F

ancisco Chronicle,

July

15,

2001:7.

Resear

ch by

Susan Fisher

epidem

iologist,

la Uni

cal Center.

[

]

National Institutes of

Health. Zone

s of

Contam

ination:

Globe Staf

Graphic.

[86]

Bookchin D, Schum

ach

er J. Tainted polio vaccine still carries

its

threat

years later.

The B

ston Globe,

Januar

26,

1997.

[

87]

SV-40 Contam

ination of

Polio Vaccine.

ll W

ithin Online,

(Feb

ary 3

2001, updated). www.nccn.ne

t/~wwithin/polio.htm

[88]

Rosa FW

et al.

Absence of

tibody

sponse to sim

an vir

s 40 after

inoculation

with

killed-poliovirus

vac

of m

offs

ng w

logical tum

New E

ngland Journal

of Medicine,

1988;318:1469.

[89]

Rosa FW

et al.

Response to:

Neur

ological tum

in offspr

ing after

inocu-

lation of

thers with killed poliovirus vaccine.

New E

ngland Journal of

Medicine,

1988,

319:1226.

[90]

Mar

tini

al.

SV-

Region and L

e T

Antigen in Hum

n Br

ain

Per

pher

l Blood Cells,

and Sp

Fluids fr

Healthy

ndividu-

als.

Cancer Research

1996;56(

20)

:4820–5.

[91]

Fisher, Barbara. Vaccine safety

onsum

er group cites conf

lict of interest in

gover

por

cancer

accine link.

National

ccine I

formation Center (

;

ess Release,

Januar

27,

1998.

[92]

National Cancer Institute (June 2001).

[

93]

Koprowksi H. Tin anniversary

the developm

ent of

live virus vaccine.

Journal of the A

erican Medical A

ssociation

1960;174:972–6.

[

94]

Hayf

lick L, Koprowski H, et al.

Preparation of

poliovirus vaccines in a

hum

an fetal diploid cell str

in.

American J Hyg

1962;75:240–58.

[95]

Kopr

owski

a letter

sent to

the Congr

essional Health and Safety

Sub-

com

ittee,

Apr

il 14,

1961.

[

96]

Curtis

T. Expert says test vacci

ne: backs check of

polio stocks f

r AIDS

vir

The Houston P

st,

Mar

h 22,

1992:A-

21.

[97]

ssex M,

et al.

e or

igin of

the

vir

Scientific American

1988;

259:64–71.

[98]

Karpas A. Origin

and Spr

ead of AI

DS.

Nature

1990; 348:578.

[

99]

Kyle

WS. Sim

an retroviruses,

poliovaccine, and origin of

AIDS.

Lancet

1992; 339:600–1.

[100]

Elswood

BF, Stricker RB. Polio

vaccines and the origin of AIDS.

Medical

Hypothesis

1994:42:347–54.

[

101]

Myers G, et al.

hum

unode

AIDS

Res Hu

Retro

1992:8:373–86.

[102]

shop on Sim

an Vir

40 (

V-

40)

: A Possible Hum

n Poly

avir

Natio

l Vaccin

atio

er, J

ry 2

1997.

www.

909shot.

com

polio197.

htm

(

clude

Annual Houston Confer

ence on AI

DS.

)

[103]

Martin

B. Polio vaccines and the or

igin of AIDS: The car

eer of a threaten-

ing idea.

Townsend Letter for Doctors,

Januar

1994:97–100.

[104]

Curtis T. Did a polio vaccine

experim

nt unleash AIDS in

Africa?

The

shington Post,

Apr

il 5,

1992:C3+.

[105]

d Health Or

ganization.

photr

opic r

ovir

ses of nonhum

prim

ates. WHO inf

al m

eeting.

Weekly Epidemiology Records

1985;

30:269–70.

[106]

Ohta Y, et

al.

evidence for the contam

inati

on of live oral poliom

elitis

vaccines with sim

an im

unodeficiency

virus.

AIDS

1989; 3:183–5.

[107]

Huet T, et al. Genetic organizati

a chim

panzee lentivirus related to

HIV-1.

Nature,

1990; 345:356–9.

[108]

Desr

osier

RC.

V-

igins:

A finger

on the m

ssing link.

Nature,

1990;345:288–9.

[109]

Sabin AB.

oper

ties and behavior

of or

ally

adm

nister

ed attenuat

virus vaccine.

Journal of the A

erican Medical

ssociation,

1957;

164:1216–23.

[110]

Plotkin SA,

Kopr

owski H,

et al.

Clin

ical tr

ials in infants of

ally

adm

nis-

tered poliom

elitis viruses.

diatrics

1959;23:1041–62.

[111]

Bar

n F,

et al.

Ser

logical evidence for

vir

s r

lated to sim

an T

photr

opic

ovir

in r

sidents of W

st Afr

ca.

Lancet

1985;

ii:1387–9.

[112]

Hir

ch VM,

ack PM,

Vogel AP

Johnson PR.

Sim

an im

unodeficiency

vir

s infection of m

acaques: E

nd-

stag

e disease is characterized by wide-

spread distribution of proviral DNA in tissues.

Journal

of I

fectious Dis-

ease,

1991; 163(

:976–88.

[113]

Bohannon RC,

et al.

olation of

a T

pe D r

ovir

s fr

B-

cell

pho-

s of a patient with AI

DS.

Journal of V

rology,

1991;65(

11)

:5663–72.

[114]

Khabbaz RF, et al. Sim

an im

unode

ficiency

virus needlestick

accident

a laboratory worker.

Lancet,

1992;340:271–3.

[115]

Gao

et al.

Hum

n infection by

genetically

diver

e SI

Vsm

lated HI

V-

in West Af

rica.

Nature,

1992;358:495–9.

[116]

Giunta S,

et al.

e pr

ate tr

ade and the or

igin of AI

DS vir

ses.

Nature,

1987;329:22.

[117]

Seale

ossing the species bar

vir

ses and the or

igins of AI

DS in

perspective.

J R

Soc Med,

1989;82:519–23.

[118]

Lecatsas G. Origin of AIDS.

Nature,

1991;351:179.

[119]

Gilks C.

Monkey

and m

lar

Nature,

1991;354:262.

[120]

MD.

History of A

DS:

ergence and Origin of a Modern P

an-

demic.

inceton,

NJ: Pr

inceton Univer

sity

ess,

1990.

[121]

Kopr

owski

Histor

ical

aspec

accine in

poliom

elitis.

British Medical Journal,

1960;ii:85–91.

[122]

Lebrun A, et al.

Vaccination

with

the CHAT strain of Ty

pe 1 attenuated

poliom

elitis

virus in Leopoldville, Belgian Congo.

Bulletin of the W

rld

Health Organization,

1960;22:203–13.

[123]

Klein

Trial by Fury

. New York, NY: Charles Scribner

s Sons,

1972.

[124]

Sabin AB. Present position

of im

unization against po

litis with live

virus vaccines.

British Medical Journal,

1959;i:663–80.

[125]

Mahm

ias AJ, et al.

Evidence

for

hum

an infection with an HTLV III/LAV-

like vir

s in Centr

l Afr

ca,

1959.

Lancet,

1986;i:1279–80.

[126]

Hum

ner

et al.

DS in the pr

DS er

Rev Infect Dis,

1987; 9:1102–

[127]

Corbitt G, et al. HIV

infection in Manchester, 1959.

Lancet,

1990;ii:51.

[128]

Cohen J. Debate on

AIDS

origin: Rolling Stone

weighs in— Controversial

article angers vaccine experts by claim

ng AIDS coul

polio vaccines in Af

rica.

Science

Mar

h 1992:1505.

[129]

DB.

Cultur

l pr

actices contr

buting to

the

ansm

ission

hum

unodeficiency

vir

s in Afr

ca.

Rev Infect Dis,

1987; 9:1109–19.

[130]

Sonnet

et al.

DS cases or

iginating fr

e and Bur

undi

(

1962-

1976)

Scandinavian Journal of

fectious Disease,

87;19:511–7.

[131]

Gallo

rus Hunting.

New York: HarperCollins, 1991.

[132]

ger

elim

inar

por

t on the tr

eatm

nt of r

ecur

ent her

es sim

lex

with poliom

elitis

vaccine(Sabin’s).

Dermatologica,

1974;149:253–5.

[133]

Center

s for

Disease Contr

l T

sk For

ce on Kar

posi’

s Sar

Oppor

tunistic I

fections.

idem

iological aspects of the cur

nt outb

Kaposi’

sar

a and oppor

tunistic infections.

New E

ngland Journal of

Medicine,

;

[134]

Kor

e New AI

DS My

ster

dbook,

July

1994:82.

[135]

Painter

Usual r

outes of infection

led

out:

12-

ear

ld’

par

nts

blam

polio vaccine, but scientis

ts discount that theory

USA

Today,

Mar

h 8,

1994:A1.

[136]

acted fr

a copy

of the civil

tor

claim

(

Distr

Cour

New

Jersey

[137]

Seven per

cent of the

patient

s in Michigan have no identifiable cause

AIDS. As reported to the Thinktwice Global Vaccine Institute.

[138]

Cowley

Cannibals to cows

: T

e path of a deadly

disease.

Newsweek,

Mar

h 12,

2001:53.

[139]

Center

for

Biologics E

aluati

on and Resear

ch.

Bovine Spongifor

cephalopathy

(

)

FDA,

January

23, 2001.

[www.fda.gov/cber

/bse/bseqa.htm

]

doi: 10.1588/medver.2004.01.00027

N.Z. Miller/Medical Veritas

1 (2004) 239–251