Synthetische Drogen Anhang
Vergleich: Siehe: Group Analysis Evaluation + Comparison
of Psychoactive Plant Drug Group to General Drug Remedy Themes (and synthetic druga/Ruth Heather
Hall) +
Comparison of Papaveraceae remedies with synthetic
recreational drug isolate group (Durban University of Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences: Ujaswee
Chhiba) +
Comparison of Piperaceae remedies with synthetic recreational
drug isolate group
Comparison of Rubiaceae remedies with Synthetic recreational drug
isolate group
(Durban University of Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences: Ujaswee Chhiba) +
Comparison of Aves remedies with synthetic recreational drug isolate group (Durban University of Technology,
Faculty of Health Sciences: Ujaswee Chhiba) +
Comparison of Plant remedies with synthetic recreational drug isolate group (Durban University of Technology,
Faculty of Health Sciences: Ujaswee Chhiba) +
[werner werner stangl]s arbeitsblätter
Synthetische Drogen
Designerdrogen
Substanzen, welche auf chemischem Weg hergestellt wurden, die ähnliche Eigenschaften wie natürliche oder halbsynthetische Drogen haben. Man unterscheidet:
Morphintyp (opiatähnlich)
Amphetamintyp (aufputschmittelähnlich)
Halluzinogentyp (Sinneswahrnehmungsveränderung)
Designerdrogen werden als Flüssigkeit aus kleinen Fläschchen, in Form von Kapseln/Tabletten eingenommen. Akute Wirkungen: sehr geringe Mengen lösen um einen
Rausch aus. antriebssteigernd und gedankenbeschleunigend, erzeugen Halluzinationen
stellt sich rascher als bei anderen Substanzen eine psychische Abhängigkeit ein
chronische Schäden: viele Substanzen haben durch chemische Verunreinigungen auch organische, z.T. irreversible Auswirkungen auf das Gehirn
auch Schlaf - und Appetitlosigkeit, innere Unruhe, gesteigerter Rededrang (Amphetaminanteil)
Gefühl des Kribbelns bis "Fliegen über die Tanzfläche" , sowie Illusionen (Halluzinogenanteil)
Bei Halluzinogenen wurde bislang keine körperliche Abhängigkeit festgestellt, aber es kann zu einer psychischen Abhängigkeit kommen. Konsum ist wegen möglicher Nebenwirkungen gefährlich.
Amphetamin (Speed)
Weißes bis leicht gelbliches Pulver oder Tablette. Rein chemisch hergestellte Droge, Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts von der Firma Merck (Darmstadt) als Appetitzügler
auf den Markt gebracht. Anwendung: schlucken als Tablette oder schniefen als Pulver.
Wirkungsweise:
Denken wird beschleunigt
Schlafbedürfnis unterdrückt
Ideenvielfalt gesteigert
Logisches Denken erscheint erleichtert, ist aber oft etwas verquert ("Speed-Logik")
Redegeschwindigkeit erhöht
Stimmungslage ist angehoben
soziale Kontaktfähigkeit scheint gesteigert
beschleunigter Herzschlag
Übelkeit, Schwindel, Kopfschmerzen, Kollaps)
Wirkt stark anregend, Blutdruck steigernd, Pupillen erweiternd.
Chronischer Missbrauch
Gefahr einer Suchtentwicklung ist dann besonders gegeben, wenn die Wirkung der Droge zur Überwindung von Hemmungen und Ängsten verwendet wird. Es kommt zu einer notwendigen Dosissteigerung, um die gleiche, erwünschte Wirkung zu erreichen.
körperliche Abhängigkeit stellt sich in einem wesentlich schwächeren Ausmaß ein als bei Opiaten.
schwere Schlafstörungen
kann zu Paranoia und Schizophrenie führen
sowie Auszehrung des Körpers, da Hunger und Schlafbedürfnis unterdrückt werden
Neue Amphetaminvarianten wie Ecstasy (XTC) oder Dom vereinen die aufputschende Wirkung der Amphetamine und halluzinogenen Eigenschaften in einer Droge.
Grundsubstanzen: Safrol und Myristin (kommen in Muskatnüssen vor, sind giftig). Akute Wirkung:
Kommunikationsfähigkeit wird gesteigert.
Vermehrte Bereitschaft über die eigene Person und gesellschaftlichen Problemen, religiösen Fragen nachzudenken.
Ein Grundgefühl: die Liebe zu sich, den anderen Menschen und der Welt wird vermittelt.
Regelmäßiger Ecstasy-Konsum führt bereits in jungen Jahren zu einem nachweisbaren Schlafapnoe-Syndrom. Das Schlafapnoe-Syndrom (SAS) tritt normalerweise erst im höheren Alter bei übergewichtigen Menschen auf. Nach Untersuchungen von Una McCann im Schlaflabor wurde bei Ecstasy-Konsumenten mittelschweres und sogar ein schweres Schlafapnoe-Syndrom diagnostiziert. Das Risiko auf ein Schlafapnoe-Syndrom war im Vergleich zu einer Gruppe gleichaltriger Konsumenten anderer Drogen
8,5-fach erhöht. Damit ist Ecstasy ein größeres Risiko als Adipositas (6 -9 faches Risiko). Die Forscher führen das SAS auf eine Schädigung serotinerger Neuronen durch
die Chemikalie Methylenedioxymethamphetamine zurück, dem Wirkstoff der Ecstasy-Droge, die auch für andere Folgen des langjährigen Konsums verantwortlich ist
(subtile kognitive Defizite, Neigung zu impulsivem Verhalten, Veränderungen im EEG während des Schlafes).
Das heute in großem Umfang verschriebene Ritalin gegen das berüchtigte ADD-Syndrom gehört ebenfalls zur Gruppe der Amphetamine.
MDMA (Ecstasy, XTC)
Chemisch hergestellter Abkömmling des Amphetamins. Wird in Form von Tabletten verschiedenster Form und Farbe gehandelt und in der Regel geschluckt.
Vereint die anregende Wirkung von Speed mit den halluzinogenen Effekten des LSD, wenn auch jeweils weniger stark. Wird deshalb der Gruppe der Entactogene zugeordnet, das sind Drogen, die die Berührung mit dem Inneren ermöglichen. Wurde bis 1986 in der Psychoanalyse verwendet, um seelische Vorgänge sichtbar zu machen. Heute v.a. als Partydroge beliebt, um länger und intensiver Tanzen zu können und zwischenmenschliche Barrieren einzureißen. Hauptgefahr ist das Austrocknen, wenn vergessen wird, genug (alkoholfreies) zu trinken und Hitzeschock, der pro Jahr in der BRD 20 bis 40 Tote fordert. Bei intensivem Dauerkonsum können Schäden im Gehirn auftreten, die die Gedächtnisleistung beeinträchtigen.
Nach der Einnahme einer Tablette wird der Wirkstoff MDMA im Darm resorbiert. Über den Blutkreislauf erreicht MDMA das Gehirn und wirkt dort vor allem auf den Neurotransmitter Serotonin. Die Serotoninspeicher werden rasch entleert. Es kommt zu einem massiven Anstieg der Serotoninkonzentration im synaptischen Spalt und damit zu einer bewußtseinsverändernden Wirkung. Die Serotoninspeicher werden über einen Pumpmechanismus wieder aufgefüllt. Dieser Prozeß dauert mehr als 20 Stunden.
Aus diesem Grund erzeugt ein Nachdosieren keine bzw. nur eine geringe Wirkung. Die Wirkung von MDMA beginnt etwa 20 bis 40 Minuten nach Einnahme und hält 2 bis 4 Stunden an. MDMA entfaltet seine zentral-nervöse Wirkung vor allem im Bereich des Limbischen Systems, das als "Belohnungszentrum" die Emotionalität reguliert.
Die KonsumentInnen erleben in der Regel positive Gefühle und Verhaltensänderungen. So gelingt es vielen leichter, sich in andere hineinzufühlen, Kontakte zu knüpfen und Gespräche zu führen. MDMA vermittelt das Gefühl, mit sich selbst im Einklang zu befinden und fähig zu sein, persönliche Probleme zu bewältigen. Die meisten fühlen sich
fit und leistungsfähig und verspüren Gefühle von Zärtlichkeit und Glück. MDMA verändert die Wahrnehmung der Umgebung, akustische und optische Eindrücke werden verstärkt. Halluzinationen treten nur selten auf. Der Anstieg von Puls und Körpertemperatur wird oftmals nicht als Warnsignal wahrgenommen. Kurz nach der Einnahme
von MDMA verspüren viele KonsumentInnen eine unangenehme Verspannung der Kiefermuskulatur. Gleichzeitig kann Mundtrockenheit und Brechreiz auftreten.
Auch gesteigerte Anspannung, Niedergeschlagenheit und Verwirrtheit wird in der ersten Stunde nach Einnahme gelegentlich beklagt. Das Kurzzeitgedächtnis kann vorübergehend gestört sein. Nahezu alle KonsumentInnen sind nach Abklingen der Drogenwirkung erschöpft und ausgelaugt - ein Zustand der als "Kater" bekannt ist.
MDMA vermindert die Wahrnehmung von Warnsignalen des Körpers. Symptome wie Durst, Schwindel, Kopfschmerz und Herzjagen werden unterdrückt, und es kann zu Kollapszuständen kommen. Dies insbesondere dann, wenn im Zusammenhang mit körperlichen Anstrengungen (Tanzmarathon) Flüssigkeitsverluste nicht ausgeglichen werden und/oder keine Ruhepausen (chill out) eingelegt werden. Bei häufigem Gebrauch entsteht eine Toleranzentwicklung, d.h. die Dosis muß gesteigert werden, um die gleiche Wirkung zu erreichen. Es kann zu schwerwiegenden psychischen Störungen (Angstzustände, Depressionen, Psychosen) und körperlichen Gesundheitsschäden im Bereich
von Herz, Kreislauf, Nieren und Leber kommen. Blutbildveränderungen sind möglich (Anämie). Auch Appetitlosigkeit und Gewichtsabnahme können die Folge sein.
MDMA erzeugt psychische Abhängigkeit.
Am Schwarzmarkt wird heute vieles als Ecstasy oder Speed angeboten. Häufig sind in den Tabletten und Kapseln nicht die erwarteten Substanzen enthalten, die Dosierungen schwanken unvorhersehbar, und in wenigen Fällen finden sich gesundheitlich besonders bedenkliche Substanzen in den Proben. Eine Ecstasy-Tablette enthält durchschnittlich 50 bis 100 mg MDMA. Die Konzentrationen schwanken jedoch stark. Die Tablettenprägungen sind keine Garantie für tatsächliche Inhaltsstoffe. Jede Tablette kann zusätzlich Paracetamol, Coffein, Milchzucker, etc. enthalten. Nach neueren Untersuchungen sind toxische Beimengungen (Strychnin, LSD, etc.) bisher nur extrem selten vorgekommen. Dieser Kategorie gesundheitlich besonders bedenkliche Substanz werden folgende Proben zugerechnet: Ungewöhnlich hoch dosierte Ecstasy, Speed oder LSD-Proben.
Also etwa alle Ecstasy-Proben, die mehr als 120mg MDMA, MDE oder mehr als 100mg MDA enthalten. Nachdem die Wirkung einer Substanz und ihre gesundheitliche Gefährlichkeit zu großen Teilen vom Körpergewicht und dem Geschlecht der jeweiligen UserIn abhängt, sind die 120mg nur ein ungefährer Richtwert. Dosierungen in dieser Höhe werden von UserInnen nicht erwartet und erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass es zu längerfristigen Veränderungen im Gehirn kommt. Bei Dosierungen über 150 mg MDMA oder bei Kombination mit anderen Drogen kann es zu Vergiftungen (Intoxikationen) kommen. Kennzeichen sind:
Pulsbeschleunigung bis zu 150 Schlägen/min
Erregung
Panik
Fieber über 39°C
Kreislaufstörungen
Bewusstlosigkeit
Die betroffene Person bequem lagern, beruhigen (talk down) und auf keinen Fall ohne Aufsicht lassen. Neben hoch dosierten Substanzen fallen in diese Kategorie auch alle Stoffe, die in Wechselwirkung mit Ecstasy oder Speed gesundheitlich besonders bedenklich sind - also etwa Ecstasy-Tabletten, die zusätzlich Aspirin enthalten - und Proben, die auch ohne den gleichzeitigen Konsum von Ecstasy oder Speed schwere gesundheitliche Probleme verursachen können, z.B. Atropin oder Methadon. Besonders risikoreich ist die Kombination von MDMA mit anderen Suchtmitteln. Grundsätzlich erhöht der Mischkonsum alle gesundheitliche Risiken - teilweise in potenzierter Form.
Häufig wird zusätzlich zu MDMA Alkohol konsumiert. Einigen KonsumentInnen dient Alkohol dazu, am Ende einer Party "abzutörnen" und den "Kater" zu verschlafen. Alkohol spült jedoch Körperflüssigkeit ebenso verstärkt aus wie Ecstasy, wodurch sich, insbe-sondere in der Verbindung mit exzessivem Tanzen, die Gefahr des "Austrocknens" und damit eines Kreislaufkollapses erhöht.
Haschisch
Als "Einschlafhilfe" nach körperlicher Anstrengung im Zusammenhang mit Tanzveranstaltungen wird oft Cannabis in Form von Haschisch oder Marihuana geraucht.
Die Substanz wirkt beruhigend und verringert die gesteigerte Wahrnehmung von Außenreizen als Folge des MDMA-Konsums. Gleichzeitig können aber andere Wirkungen (vor allem körperliche, z. B. Herzrasen) durch den Konsum von Cannabis wieder angehoben werden.
LSD
LSD gehört zur Gruppe der Halluzinogene und wird in Form von trips angeboten. Es wird häufig zusammen mit Ecstasy konsumiert, um eine Steigerung der Vorstellungskraft zu erzielen. LSD wirkt im Gehirn auf einem anderen Stoffwechselweg (Dopamin) wie MDMA. Es erzeugt unter Umständen "Horrortrips", die über Tage und Wochen anhalten können. LSD führt bei länger dauerndem Gebrauch nachweislich zu psychischen Spätschäden im Sinne von Persönlichkeitsstörungen (Psychosen).
Speed
Speed ist ein Sammelbegriff für Amphetaminabkömmlinge unterschiedlicher Wirkungsstärke. Es potenziert und verlängert die euphorisierende und leistungssteigernde Wirkung von MDMA. Es wirkt zudem stärker halluzinogen. Speed kann Schäden im Bereich der Hirnsubstanz und damit bleibende psychische Defekte erzeugen. Die sogenannte Speed-Paranoia entsteht bei Amphetaminmißbrauch, wenn die Amphetamin-Konsumenten über Wochen kaum noch schlafen, sich nicht mehr vernünftig ernähren, allgemein ein ungeregeltes Leben führen und häufig noch andere Drogen konsumieren.
Kokain
Auch Kokain wird mittlerweile mit MDMA kombiniert. Es wird in der Regel als weißes Pulver angeboten und geschnupft. Die Wirkung tritt nach wenigen Sekunden ein und hält 15 bis 45 Minuten an. Die Konsumenten/-nnen verspüren eine hohe Leistungsbereitschaft, Handlungsdrang und Erregung. Kokain führt zu starker psychischer Abhängigkeit und kann nach Absetzen massive Depressionen auslösen. Die Schleimhäute der Nase werden gereizt und können Schaden nehmen.
Ecstasy (im englischen Sprachgebrauch XTC) ist ein Sammelbegriff für Rauschdrogen, die aus Amphetaminderivaten (Methylendioxiamphetamine) synthetisch hergestellt werden.
DMA wurde 1912 von der Firma Merck entwickelt und patentiert. Der ursprüngliche therapeutische Nutzen sollte in der Appetithemmung liegen. Wegen unerwünschter Nebenwirkungen wurde MDMA jedoch zunächst nicht auf den Markt gebracht. In den 50er und 60er Jahren benutzten dann Forscher in den USA zunächst MDMA für wissenschaftliche Zwecke im Bereich der Psychotherapie. 1986 wurde der Wirkstoff in den USA verboten. MDMA tauchte in den 80er Jahre in Zusammenhang mit der Techno- und Housemusik-Welle verstärkt auf dem europäischen Drogenmarkt auf.
Mehrmaliger Gebrauch von Ecstasy kann schon in einer einzigen Nacht zu Spätschäden führen, die denen der Alterskrankheit Parkinson vergleichbar sind. Ärzte der Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore haben die Gefahr an Menschenaffen untersucht: In deren Gehirnen greift Ecstasy nicht nur in den Serotonin-Stoffwechsel ein, sondern es zerstört auch Hirnzellen, die mit dem Neurotransmitter Dopamin arbeiten und für die Bewegungskontrolle zuständig sind. Von diesen Zellen wurden durch die gebräuchliche Verwendung - drei Tabletten Ecstasy in einer Partynacht - so viele zerstört, daß die Tiere in jungen Jahren einen Verlust der Bewequngskontrolle entwickelten, der dem der Alterskrankheit stark ähnelt. Einer der Versuchsaffen starb im Test. (Science, 297, S. 2260)
Badesalze werden in den USA unter den Bezeichnungen "Ivory Wave", "Aura“, "Vanilla Sky", oder "Pure Ivory" in kristalliner Form in 50-Milligramm-Päckchen für 25 bis 50 Dollar legal verkauft. Die Wirkung der im Badesalz enthaltenen Substanzen wie Mephedron oder Methylendioxypyrovaleron (MDPV) ähneln nach Aussagen von Medizinern den Wirkungen von Meth, Kokain, PCP, LSD und Ecstasy zusammen, wobei die psychischen Folgen mehrere Monate andauern können. Mephedron und Methylendioxypyrovaleron ähneln chemisch der in Arabien und Ostafrika verbreiteten Droge Khat und macht sehr rasch abhängig. Ärzte berichten von Symptomen wie einer starken Erhöhung von Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz sowie heftigen Muskelkrämpfen, wobei selbst starke Beruhigungsmittel bei den Betroffenen nicht helfen, weshalb Mediziner mit Psychopharmaka oder Vollnarkosen einsetzen, um die Patienten ruhig zu stellen. Kurzfristig führt der Missbrauch zu Konzentrationsstörungen, massiver innerer Unruhe und Antriebslosigkeit. Die Badesalze sind in Europa schon seit einiger Zeit bekannt, in Deutschland sind sie seit 2008 in Umlauf, in Großbritannien wurden sie 2010 verboten.
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant
properties which acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI).
Reportedly, it has been sold since around 2004 as a designer drug. It is also
known as MDPK, MTV, Magic, Maddie, Black Rob, Super Coke and PV. In 2010 it was
reportedly sold as a legal drug alternative and marketed in the U.S. as
"bath salts" (under such names as Aura, White devil, Blue Silk,
Bonzai Grow, Charge Plus, Euphoria, Hurricane Charlie, Ivory Wave, Lovey Dovey,
Ocean, Pixie Dust, Posh, Red Dove, Scarface, Vanilla Sky, White Dove, White
Girl, White Lightning).
The hydrochloride salt exists as a very fine, hygroscopic, crystalline
powder that tends to clump to itself, resembling something like powdered sugar.
Its color can range from pure white to a yellowish-tan and has a slight odor
that strengthens as it colors. Impurities are likely to consist of either
pyrollidine or alpha-dibrominated alkylphenones from either excess pyrollidine
or incomplete amination, respectively, during synthesis and likely accounts for
its discoloration and fishy (pyrollidine) or bromine-like odor, which worsens
upon exposure to air, moisture, or bases.
MDPV has no history of FDA approved medical use.[8] Reportedly, it has
four times the potency of methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta).[9] MDPV is the
3,4-methylenedioxy ring-substituted analog of the compound pyrovalerone,
developed in the 1960s, which has been used for the treatment of chronic
fatigue and as an anorectic, but caused problems of abuse and dependence.[1]
However, despite its structural similarity, the effects of MDPV bear little
resemblance to other methylenedioxyphenylalkylamine derivatives such as
3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), instead producing primarily
stimulant effects with only mild entactogenic qualities.[1]
Other drugs with a similar chemical structure include α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP), 4'-methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP),
3',4'-methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP) and
1-phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone (α-PVP).
[edit] Effects
MDPV acts as a stimulant and has been reported to produce effects
similar to those of cocaine, methylphenidate, and amphetamines.
The acute effects may include:
Physiological/Psychological effects
tachycardia (Rapid heartbeat)
hypertension (High blood
pressure)
vasoconstriction (Narrowing of
the blood vessels)
insomnia (Inability to sleep)
nausea, stomach cramps, and
digestive problems
bruxism (Grinding teeth)
increased body temperature,
chills, sweating
pupil dilation
headache
kidney pain
tinnitus
dizziness
overstimulation
breathing difficulty
agitation/hypertonia
severe paranoia
confusion
psychotic delusions
extreme anxiety/agitation,
sometimes progressing to violent behavior
suicidal thoughts/actions
Psychiatric symptoms may persist. Physical symptoms may progress to
rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, or liver failure.
Desired psychological effects
euphoria
increased alertness and
awareness
increased wakefulness and
arousal
increased energy and
motivation
mental stimulation/increased
concentration
increased sociability
sexual stimulation/aphrodisiac
effects
mild empathogenic effects
diminished perception of the
requirement for food and sleep
modification of the symptom
profile in early stages of opiate withdrawal consistent with its dopamine
reputake inhibitor function; reportedly, attempting to use the drug
in management of withdrawal is impossible because of a spectacular (in a
neutral or bad sense) and unmanageable complex of side effects, as described in
this article, rapidly supervening. The tendency to inhibit norepinephrine
reputake would cause a progressive relative worsening of some physical symptoms
of opiate withdrawal, generally those that would be subtracted out by clonidine
therapy.
Description of effects
The primary psychological effects have a duration of roughly 3 - 4
hours, with after effects (tachycardia/hypertension/mild stimulation) lasting
from 6 - 8 hours.
High doses have been observed to cause intense, prolonged panic attacks
in stimulant-intolerant users, and there are anecdotal reports of psychosis
from sleep withdrawal
and addiction at higher doses or more frequent dosing intervals. MDPV
has been distinguished by some for its powers as an aphrodisiac. Has also been
repeatedly noted
for inducing strong cravings to re-administering. Users have reported a
compulsive desire to continuously re-dose, even following onset of the
unpleasant side effects induced by prolonged use and higher doses.
Extended binges on MDPV have also been reported to produce severe
comedown syndrome similar to that of methamphetamine, characterized by depression,
lethargy, headache, anxiety, postural hypotension (lightheadedness and weakness
of the muscles), and in some cases severely bloodshot eyes, which usually
subside within 4 - 8 hours. MDPV may also cause temporary bruxism. Side effects
are highly dose-dependent. No fatalities have so far been reported without the
combination of other substances except for suicide.
Reported modalities of intake include oral consumption, insufflation, smoking,
rectal and intravenous use. It is supposedly active at 3–5 mg, with typical
doses ranging between 5–20 mg.
MDPV loses potency when it is put into solution.
[Durban University of Technology, Faculty of
Health Sciences: Ujaswee
Chhiba]
Zusammenfassung:
The addition of a large number of new remedies to the homoeopathic
materia medica has made it challenging to select the correct remedy for a
patient. Locating individual remedies within groups makes it easier to
understand, remember and apply the information from the remedies. The aim of
this research study was to evaluate common themes and symptomatology of
homoeopathic remedies belonging to the synthetic recreational drug isolate
group, as represented in the known homoeopathic materia medica and repertory.
Most remedies derived from synthetic recreational drug isolate sources have not
been well documented or comprehensively proven in homoeopathy, so are not well
represented in repertory programs. Therefore, in addition, remedies in this study
were selected according to the homoeopathic significance of each remedy, the
availability of actual provings and representation in materia medica, the
existence of a synthetic derivative of the drug, and if the drug was commonly
used. The selected remedies were then subjected to a manual rubric extraction
process in which common rubrics were extracted. The common rubrics were
analyzed to determine common sensations within the group. The extracted
sensations were then defined using a dictionary and synonyms were determined
using a thesaurus. Each sensation was subjected to a literature search
to test its validity. Second and third order analyses were performed
based on the results. The most common sensations found as a result of this
process were: dryness, itching, fear, anger, restlessness, anxiety,
indifference, heaviness, heat, acute and weakness. The active and passive
reactions and compensations of the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
were also analyzed. The active reactions included anger, rage, acute, violence,
impatience and irritation. Passive reactions were heaviness, numbness,
dullness, faintness, weakness and coldness. The compensatory reaction included
sensations of ecstasy, elation and euphoria or tranquillity. Each remedy was
classified into specific miasms based on Sankaran’s miasmatic model (Sankaran,
1997). Each remedy was categorized as a particular miasm if the literature
showed a clear predominance of the themes associated with that miasm. Many of
the remedies had features of the AIDS, Cancer, Sycotic and Tubercular miasms.
Pathological tendencies of the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
involved the throat, eyes, stomach, nervous system, male genitalia and sleep
patterns. Clinically, the remedies can be used in cases of mental disorders
such as psychosis and schizophrenia, chronic fatigue, visual and sleeping
disorders, anorexia nervosa and neurological disorders such as chorea, tremors
and formication. The results of this study appear to confirm the application of
the group analysis methodology as outlined by Sankaran (2002). The results also
add depth to the existing literature on synthetic recreational drug isolate
remedies.
The addition of a large number of new remedies to the homoeopathic
materia medica has made it challenging to select the correct remedy for a
patient.
Locating individual remedies within groups makes it easier to
understand, remember and apply the information from the remedies.
The aim of this research study was to evaluate common themes and symptomatology
of homoeopathic remedies belonging to the synthetic recreational drug isolate
group,
as represented in the known homoeopathic materia medica and repertory.
Most remedies derived from synthetic recreational drug isolate sources
have not been well documented or comprehensively proven in homoeopathy,
so are not well represented in repertory programs.
Therefore, in addition, remedies in this study were selected according
to the homoeopathic significance of each remedy, the availability of actual
provings and representation
in materia medica, the existence of a synthetic derivative of the drug,
and if the drug was commonly used.
The selected remedies were then subjected to a manual rubric extraction
process in which common rubrics were extracted. The common rubrics were
analyzed to determine common sensations within the group. The extracted
sensations were then defined using a dictionary and synonyms were determined
using a thesaurus. Each sensation was subjected to a literature search to test
its validity. Second and third order analyses were performed based on the
results.
The most common sensations found as a result of this process were:
dryness, itching, fear, anger, restlessness, anxiety, indifference, heaviness,
heat,
Acute and weakness.
The active and passive reactions and compensations of the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group were also analyzed.
The active reactions: anger, rage, acute, violence, impatience and
irritation. Passive reactions were heaviness, numbness, dullness, faintness,
weakness and coldness.
The compensatory reaction: sensations of ecstasy, elation and euphoria
or tranquillity.
Each remedy was classified into specific miasms based on Sankaran’s
miasmatic model (Sankaran, 1997).
Each remedy was categorized as a particular miasm if the literature
showed a clear predominance of the themes associated with that miasm.
Many of the remedies had features of the AIDS, Cancer, Sycotic and
Tubercular miasms.
Pathological tendencies of the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
involved the throat, eyes, stomach, nervous system, male genitalia and sleep
patterns.
Clinically, the remedies can be used in cases of mental disorders such a
s psychosis and schizophrenia, chronic fatigue, visual and sleeping disorders,
anorexia nervosa and neurological disorders such as chorea, tremors and
formication.
The results of this study appear to confirm the application of the group
analysis methodology as outlined by Sankaran (2002).
The results also add depth to the existing literature on synthetic
recreational drug isolate remedies.
Synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies in Homoeopathy
Extraction of common rubrics
Analysis of sensation
First Order analysis
Dryness
Dullness
Heaviness
Coldness
Weakness and faintness
Acute and sensitive
Detachment, indifference, apathy
Anxiety, fear restlessness
Heat, warmth, fever
Anger, fury, rage, violence
Numbness
Tingling, itching, burning
Tranquillity
Second order analysis
Impatience
Irritability
Excitement and exhilaration
Alone, forsaken, isolated, separated
Third order analysis
Sore and raw
New species in nature are being discovered every day, and therefore,
there has been a need to classify species so that their similarities and
differences and can be recognized. Similarly, there
are thousands of remedies in homoeopathy and our material medica is
constantly being expanded with new remedies. As a result, a system
of homoeopathic classification is required to help practitioners both
study the remedies, and prescribe more accurately for each individual
(Sankaran, 2005b).
In the past, most remedies were studied in isolation without knowledge
of the origin of the remedy (Scholten, 1993:23).
Remedies began to be classified according to their natural order,
miasmatic theory, the doctrine of signatures and the repertory to assist in
selection of
the correct remedy (Gaier, 1991).
Over the past two decades the quest for profound insight into remedies
has led to meaningful new systems being developed in order to understand and
classify groups
of remedies (Ihrig, 2012). This system is called group analysis
(analytical methodology).
The aim of group analysis is to identify a mechanism so as to understand
groups of related remedies through their common symptomatology (Scholten,
1993:23).
Homoeopaths like Rajan Sankaran, Jan Scholten, Mangialavori have
analyzed groups of related remedies. Sankaran developed the sensation and
kingdom
classification method, while Scholten devised a periodic classification
system (Ihrig, 2012). Mangialavori has a multi-system approach which
encompasses fields such
as anthropology, folk medicine, physiology, biochemistry, toxicology,
classical homoeopathy, and clinical medicine.
His view is that understanding remedies is an ongoing process of
integrating data from various sources, and not just relying on information from
only provings or homoeopathic
materia medica etc. (Moskowitz, 2012).
Application of group analysis allows under-represented and
poorly-understood remedies to have a clearer and deeper representation in the
homoeopathic materia medica.
If this method is correctly understood and applied, it can make the
practice of homoeopathy and prescribing more certain and simple (Sankaran,
2005b).
There is a new trend to prescribe remedies that are not well represented
in the traditional homoeopathic literature such as repertories and homoeopathic
materia
medicas. These remedies are referred to as being minor or small
remedies, as they are poorly represented in homoeopathic literature and are
understood to have a small site of application.
Hence, they are often neglected and are not often prescribed. However,
with the virtue of new methods discovered by Jan Scholten, Massimo Mangialavori
and Rajan Sankaran, it has led
to small or minor remedies being more often prescribed.
Practitioners therefore do not only have to rely on prescribing the well
represented or the traditional larger (polychrest) remedies.
Previously, well known ‘drug’ remedies in homoeopathy were mostly
derived from different botanical families such as Cannabis indica and Coffea
cruda (Sankaran, 2002:290).
However, with the increased usage of synthetic recreational drugs in the
world, the amount of ‘drug’ remedies being added to the system of homoeopathy
has been escalating.
Synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies are a relatively small and
new group in homoeopathy, with minimal information on each synthetic
recreational drug isolate remedy being available.
Application of Sankaran’s method provides an understanding of the themes
common to this group, and the information from this group analysis can be
contributed to the homoeopathic literature.
1.1
This study aimed to extract and evaluate the common themes and
symptomatology that manifest in homoeopathic remedies belonging to the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group, as represented
in the known homoeopathic materia medica and repertory. This was
executed by analyzing the synthetic drug isolate remedies according to the
group analysis method proposed by Rajan Sankaran (Sankaran, 2002).
The synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies:
Heroinum, 3, 4
Methylenedioxyn-methylamphetamine (MDMA),
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum (MPH),
Cocainum hydrochloricum
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
The objectives of this study were:
1. To ascertain if common characteristics belonging to the synthetic
recreational drug isolate remedies can be extracted.
2. To identify the common characteristic sensations and reactions
(active, passive or compensatory) of each remedy through an extraction process.
3. To classify each synthetic recreational drug isolate remedy according
to Sankaran’s extended miasmatic model (Sankaran, 1997).
1.2
Rationale for the group analysis evaluation of remedies belonging to
synthetic recreational drug isolates
1. Synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies are not well represented
and are poorly documented in homoeopathic literature. This study will enhance
our
understanding of the homoeopathic materia medica of these remedies.
2. From searching the literature, it appears that Sankaran’s method of
group analysis has not previously been applied to the synthetic recreational
drug isolate remedies.
3. Information from the group analysis can enhance our utilization of
these remedies to ensure that they acquire a more significant role in
homoeopathy and in clinical practice (Wulfsohn, 2005).
2.2.1 Information on the provings of the drugs.
Cocainum hydrochloricum
The original proving of cocainum hydrochloricum could not be located;
therefore information was obtained from Synthesis:
Repertorium Homeopathicum Syntheticum. Edition 9.1 and Radar 10
(Archibel, 2005).
Heroinum
Janet Snowdown conducted the proving
in 1998/1999 with 18 provers. 12 were females while 6 were male. A 30CH potency
was used for a Hahnemannian proving
(Snowdown, 2002).
MDMA
Proving done by Declan Hammond in
1997, with sixteen provers using 30CH potency. Information was obtained from
ReferenceWorks Pro 5.6
(Kent Homeopathic Associates, 1998).
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
Michael Chein conducted the proving of
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum.
The proving of Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum consisted of two groups
of provers and utilised two methods:
The first group took the remedy in 6CH, 12CH, or 30CH daily for up to 14
days or until there was a reaction.
The second group received the crude substance in increasing quantities:
1st day - 3 mg
2nd day - 4 mg
3rd day - 5 mg
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
New species in nature are being discovered every day, and therefore,
there has been a need to classify species so that their similarities and
differences and can be recognized. Similarly, there are thousands of remedies
in homoeopathy and our material medica is constantly being expanded with new
remedies.
As a result, a system of homoeopathic classification is required to help
practitioners both study the remedies, and prescribe more accurately for each
individual (Sankaran, 2005b). In the past,
most remedies were studied in isolation without knowledge of the origin
of the remedy (Scholten, 1993:23).
Remedies began to be classified according to their natural order,
miasmatic theory, the doctrine of signatures and the repertory to assist in
selection of the correct remedy (Gaier, 1991).
Over the past two decades the quest for profound insight into remedies
has led to meaningful new systems being developed in order to understand and
classify groups of remedies (Ihrig, 2012).
This system is called group analysis (analytical methodology).
The aim of group analysis is to identify a mechanism so as to understand
groups of related remedies through their common symptomatology (Scholten,
1993:23).
Homoeopaths like Rajan Sankaran, Jan Scholten and Massimo Mangialavori
have analyzed groups of related remedies. Sankaran developed the sensation and
kingdom classification method,
while Scholten devised a periodic classification system (Ihrig, 2012).
Mangialavori has a multi-system approach which encompasses fields such as
anthropology, folk medicine, physiology, biochemistry, toxicology, classical
homoeopathy, and clinical medicine.
His view is understanding remedies is an ongoing process of integrating
data from various sources, and not just relying on information from only
provings or homoeopathic materia medica etc. (Moskowitz, 2012).
Application of group analysis allows under-represented and
poorly-understood remedies to have a clearer and deeper representation in the
homoeopathic materia medica.
If this method is correctly understood and applied, it can make the
practice of homoeopathy and prescribing more certain and simple (Sankaran,
2005b).
There is a new trend to prescribe remedies that are not well represented
in the traditional homoeopathic literature such as repertories and homoeopathic
material medicas. These remedies are referred to as being minor or small remedies,
as they are poorly represented in homoeopathic literature and are understood to
have a small site of application. Hence, they are often neglected and are not
often prescribed. With the virtue of new methods discovered by Jan Scholten,
Massimo Mangialavori and Rajan Sankaran, it has led to small or minor remedies
being more often prescribed.
Practitioners therefore do not only have to rely on prescribing the well
represented or the traditional larger (polychrest) remedies.
Previously, well known ‘drug’ remedies in homoeopathy were mostly
derived from different botanical families such as Cannabis indica and Coffea
cruda
(Sankaran, 2002:290). However, with the increased usage of synthetic
recreational drugs in the world, the amount of ‘drug’ remedies being added to
the system of homoeopathy has been escalating. Synthetic recreational drug
isolate remedies are a relatively small and new group in homoeopathy, with
minimal information on each synthetic recreational drug isolate remedy being
available. Application of Sankaran’s method provides an understanding of the
themes common to this group, and the information from this group analysis can
be contributed to the homoeopathic literature.
Aim of the study
This study aimed to extract and evaluate the common themes and
symptomatology that manifest in homoeopathic remedies belonging to the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group, as represented in the known
homoeopathic materia medica and repertory. This was executed by analyzing the
synthetic drug isolate remedies according to the group analysis method proposed
by Rajan Sankaran (Sankaran, 2002). The synthetic recreational drug isolate
remedies included
Heroinum, 3, 4
Methylenedioxy-n-methylamphetamine (MDMA),
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum (MPH),
Cocainum hydrochloricum
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
The objectives of this study were:
1. To ascertain if common characteristics belonging to the synthetic
recreational drug isolate remedies can be extracted.
2. To identify the common characteristic sensations and reactions
(active, passive or compensatory) of each remedy through an extraction process.
3. To classify each synthetic recreational drug isolate remedy according
to Sankaran’s extended miasmatic model (Sankaran, 1997).
Rationale for the group analysis evaluation of remedies belonging to
synthetic recreational drug isolates
1. Synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies are not well represented
and are poorly documented in homoeopathic literature. This study will enhance
our
understanding of the homoeopathic materia medica of these remedies.
2. From searching the literature, it appears that Sankaran’s method of
group analysis has not previously been applied to the synthetic recreational
drug isolate remedies.
3. Information from the group analysis can enhance our utilization of
these drug remedies to ensure that they acquire a more significant role in
homoeopathy and in clinical practice (Wulfsohn, 2005).
4. This study can form the basis for other studies extracting themes of
the synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies, thereby contributing to the
possibility of these remedies eventually being classified in their own class.
Hippocrates mentions that one method of cure is by ‘similarities’,
Boulduc states that the purgative quality of rhubarb can be used to treat
diarrhea, while Detharding states that the herb senna cures colic because it
produces a similar effect on a healthy person. It was Hahnemann however, who
was the first to truly systematize this law into the field of homoeopathy (O’
Reilly, 1996:57).
Scholten states that the Law of Similars is not limited to the system of
homoeopathy and that there are a variety of modern medicines that are able to
produce the symptoms that the same medicines are used to treat. These include
anti-depressants which can lead to depression, and methylphenidate
hydrochloride which is used to treat Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD) and which can also lead to restlessness (Scholten, 2004:231 -
232).
Hahnemann proved nearly a hundred remedies upon their similarity with
illnesses during his life time (Vithoulkas, 1998:95).
A proving is a systematic process of administering substances to healthy
individuals, in order to learn the alterations, signs and symptoms of the action
of the substance upon an individual (O’ Reilly, 1996:144).
Human beings are the preferred subjects for provings because symptoms in
the mental and emotional planes are required, which cannot be obtained from
animals or plants.
When a proving substance is administered, it stimulates the organism and
its defence system to produce mental, physical, general and peculiar symptoms.
These symptoms represent the specific manifestations of the defence
system (Vithoulkas, 1998:97).
Similarly, when the symptoms of a patient are recorded, the specific
manifestations of the defence system are recorded (Vithoulkas, 1998:144). By
matching the symptom of the remedy to the symptoms of the patient, a patient’s
symptoms can be alleviated or cured (Vithoulkas, 1998:96). Therefore, provings
reveal invaluable, precise and accurate knowledge of a substance through the
actual experience of a prover (Sherr, 1994:4).
2.2.1 Information on the provings of the drugs
Cocainum hydrochloricum
The original proving of cocainum
hydrochloricum could not be located; therefore information was obtained from
Synthesis:
Repertorium Homeopathicum
Syntheticum. Edition 9.1 and Radar 10 (Archibel, 2005).
Heroinum
Janet Snowdown conducted the proving
in 1998/1999 with eighteen provers. Twelve were females while six were male. A
30CH potency was used and it was a
Hahnemannian proving (Snowdown,
2002).
MDMA
The proving was done by Declan
Hammond in 1997, with sixteen provers using 30CH potency. Information was
obtained from ReferenceWorks Pro 5.6
(Kent Homeopathic Associates, 1998).
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
Michael Chein conducted the proving
of Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum.
The proving of Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum consisted of two groups
of provers and utilised two methods:
The first group took the remedy in 6CH, 12CH, or 30CH daily for up to 14
days or until there was a reaction.
The second group received the crude substance in increasing quantities:
First day - 3 mg
Second day - 4 mg
Third day - 5 mg
And so on, up to 10 days or until there was a reaction.
Those who reacted optimally to the remedy received a second dose of 30CH
after the symptoms from the crude dose subsided.
The two groups had one placebo each.
(Proving data was obtained from an email from Michael Chein on 4 October
2011)
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Misha Norland conducted the proving
of LSD in 1999. There were sixteen provers with eleven female and five male.
Ten of the provers administered one dose of the remedy in 30CH, while six
prover s did not administer the remedy (Norland, 1999).
Table 7: Groups of sensations obtained through the extraction process
Separated Weakness Anxiety Heat Dryness Excitement Sensitive Anger
Isolated Faintness Restlessness Warmth Euphoria Acute Rage
Forsaken Apathy Irritation Red
Exhilaration Sore Fury
Detached Numbness Impatient Fever Euphoria Violent
Neglected Blissfull
Elation
Ecstasy
Cheerful
Carefree
Laughing
Content
Table 8
includes proposed themes/sensations to describe the central sensation,
passive, and active as well as compensatory reactions.
Table 8: Proposed sensations/themes and reactions of the homoeopathic
remedies belonging to the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
Sensation Passive
Reaction Active
Reaction Compensation
Anxiety Heaviness Anger Euphoria
Restlessness Numbness Rage Ecstasy
Fear Dullness Violent Elation
Excitement Faintness Impatient Tranquility
Dryness Weakness Irritable
Indifference Coldness Acute
Isolation
4.4.2
Themes
1. Anxiety
2. Dryness
3. Euphoria, ecstasy, elation, excitement
4. Coldness
5. Indifference, apathy
6. Nervous affection
increased activity, numbness,
restlessness,
weakness, tingling,
increased sensitivity
7. Isolation, detachment, separation
8. Fearlessness (although it is not a prominent theme, it is present
through all the remedies except in Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum)
9. Tranquillity, serenity and calmness
10. Loquacity present in all five remedies
11. General desire for sweets present in all remedies except in MDMA
12. Common physical affections of the remedies include:
a) A common sensation of dryness in
the throat;
The different remedies share similar
themes of the AIDS miasm. However, the remedies can be differentiated according
to the characteristics of the kingdom or group they
belong to, particular themes, issues
and the individual remedy characteristics (Fraser, 2002:48).
Drug and bird remedies
Drug abuse has become a major issue as it closely meets the overpowering
needs of many individuals (Fraser, 2002:55). The themes of isolation, secrecy,
feeling of
numbness and disconnection from the pain of modern existence often
relate to the issues of a person in an AIDS miasmatic and disease state. AIDS
has also been
associated with drug abuse, especially with intravenous use of drugs, as
it is a mode of transmitting the virus (Fraser, 2002: 124).
According to Fraser (2002:54), remedies from Class Aves have a strong
connection to the AIDS miasm as birds are able to live freely without any
restrictions or boundaries, and they
are able to move, free of the constraints of the earth (Fraser,
2009:95).
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Due to the paucity of comprehensive material medica, repertory, provings
and clinical information of the synthetic recreational drug isolate group, the
researcher aimed to
extract and evaluate common themes and symptomatology that manifested in
the homoeopathic remedies belonging to the synthetic recreational drug isolate
group.
Conducting this study extracted and clarified the common sensations and
characteristics of the group. The extracted and analyzed data was also able to
demonstrate a clear picture of the similarities in the synthetic recreational
drug isolate group as a whole.
This was accomplished by applying Sankaran’s methodology and analysis to
the synthetic recreational drug isolate group. Therefore, this research has
shown that
Sankaran’s methodology of group analysis can be applied to related
remedies, as they share common characteristics that define them as a group.
Group analysis approach to homoeopathy
In current times where scientific processes dominate, it is crucial to
develop a more systematic methodology and approach to homoeopathy. Theories
also need to be
explored up to the highest level before being recognized or disapproved.
Then only can a profession progress closer to mainstream science.
define the remedy well. He then selects five to ten characteristic
symptoms of the remedy called the Minimum Characteristic Syndrome (MCS). The
polychrest remedy is
then analyzed against other remedies whose themes closely overlap with
the MCS of the relevant polychrest (Candegabe, 1997: - 3). Therefore, this
method can help
differentiate between similar remedies and to prescribe more accurately.
Kent generated many remedy pictures by combining specific constituent
components of certain polychrest mineral remedies. He was able to depict the
themes of Kali-sil. (Silicate of Potash)
based on information from Silicea terra (Silica) and Potassium salts
like Kalium bichromicum (Potassium bichromate) (Watson, 2004:25).
Over the last two decades, new methods of classification have emerged.
The modern way of working with classification is called Group Analysis.
Sankaran developed the classification of kingdoms, family themes and
miasms, while Scholten classified remedies from the mineral kingdom and the
theory of elements
[Scholten, 2005: 38 – 39]
Mangialavori explored the themes of the spider and snake groups
(Wulfsohn, 2005:14).
Nancy Herrick has developed the themes of mammals through provings of
their milk (lac).
The remedies include
Lac Loxodonta Africana (African Elephant),
Lac Leoninum (Lion),
Lac Lupinum (Wolf),
Lac Delphinium (Dolphin)
Lac Equinum (Horse)
(Herrick, 1998: xi).
Farokh Master refined the work on milks by connecting common themes from
all nine animal milk (lac) remedies:
Lac caninum (Dog),
Lac caprinum (Goat),
Lac delphinium (Dolphin),
Lac equinum (Horse),
Lac felinum (Cat),
Lac humanum (Human),
Lac leoninum (Lion),
Lac lupinum (Wolf),
Lac vaccinum defloratum (skimmed
milk).
Farokh discusses six themes amongst
the milks:
relationship
separation,
emotional turmoil (forsaken feelings),
friends (desires to belong to a group),
falling down (physically falling and falling down into an animal state),
impulsiveness under control (rage and sexuality, with a history of
abuse),
antagonism
(Yasgur, 2006:51).
2.11
Sankaran: Group analysis
Homoeopathic practice is generally based on identifying the symptoms of
a remedy.
Sankaran takes this further by stating that the symptomatology of any
remedy is intimately related to the source it is drawn from, as each remedy has
an essence and
connection with its source (Sankaran, 1999:313).
Bearing this in mind, Sankaran wanted to differentiate between a person
requiring a plant remedy from one who needs an animal or mineral remedy. He
decided to observe hundreds of patients in his practice to see if the “spirit”
and character of a substance can be expressed in a human being.
He found this to be the case, and went on to classify remedy states into
different kingdoms: mineral, plant and animal (Sankaran, 2005b:46 - 48).
2.11.1
Kingdoms.x
2.11.2
Sankaran’s concept of Vital Sensation
Sankaran noticed that all remedies of a given botanical family shared a
common general sensation. However, it was not confined to the plant kingdom
only, but could
also be applied to the other kingdoms as well (Sankaran, 2005b:213).
Each kingdom has its own unique basic sensation (Sankaran, 2005b: 292) and
identifying the common
sensation helps recognize the central issue or core symptoms of the
remedies (Sankaran, 2005b:126). The common sensation connects the mind and
body. Sankaran
called the common point between the body and mind the Vital Sensation.
At this point, the mind and body ‘speak’ the same language and the vital
sensation can be identified from the chief complaint of a patient, as it is an
expression of the vital sensation (Sankaran, 2005b:140). Therefore, the concept
of vital sensation can be a reflection of diadoxis. According to Sankaran
(2005b:293), there are three basic vital sensations; viz. structure, survival
and sensitivity which correspond respectively to the three kingdoms: Mineral,
Animal and Plant kingdoms.
2.11.2.1
Extraction of sensations and reactions
Sankaran wanted to further sub divide the plant kingdom, as he did with
the mineral and animal kingdom. As the main theme in the plant kingdom is
sensitivity, Sankaran
thought that each family within the plant kingdom would experience their
own sensitivity, and that the sensation can reveal the type of sensitivity of
each family
(Sankaran, 2002:21). To confirm this, Sankaran conducted a repertorial
search through software programmes such as MacRepertory.
He extracted rubrics that were common to at least two remedies of a
family. For example, Sankaran searched the MacRepertory for rubrics common to
the remedies of the
Euphorbiaceae family. He selected rubrics which had at least two
remedies in the family. In the rubric “Skin; hidebound, sensation as if” he
found that Hura brasiliensis and Croton tiglium shared this symptom, and they
both belong to the Euphorbiaceae family (Sankaran, 2002:4).
Sankaran also selected rubrics only if the sensation was indicated at
the mental or physical level (Sankaran, 2002:4).
The results from his searching revealed that each family shared at least
one common sensation which can be expressed in all the remedies of the family,
in various ways
(Sankaran, 2005b:22). The sensations can also be expressed or perceived
in four different ways (Sankaran, 2005b:141): 1).
As the sensation directly (Sankaran, 2005b:141);
2) As a reaction that is equal and opposite to the sensation. There are
two types of reactions: active and passive (Sankaran, 2005b:141);
3) As a compensation, where compensation involves covering up some
aspects of our nature (Sankaran, 2005b:34).
For example, a person requiring a remedy from the Euphorbiaceae plant
family shares a common sensation of “tied and untied, bound and unbound”.
The active reaction is “a desire to break free”, the passive reaction is
to be “tied and cannot do anything about it” and the compensatory reaction is
to “feel free, unbound and not tied up” (Sankaran, 2005a:16).
Thus, through this process, Sankaran managed to subdivide the plant
kingdom into various botanical families, with each family having their own
individual sensations,
expressions and characteristics such as the Loganiacea, Conifers, Papaveraceae
and Rubiaceae families to name but a few (Sankaran, 2005a).
The next question was to be able to differentiate between remedies
within the same botanical family that had the same expression. To solve this
last obstacle, he classified
the same members of the botanical family into different miasms. Though
the sensation is common, each remedy perceives it in a different depth. The
difference in the various remedies of the same botanical family is because they
belong to different miasms (Sankaran, 2005b:126).
Croton tiglium belongs to the Euphorbiacea family and shares the common
sensation of the family, but is categorized into the acute miasm. Hence, the
main feeling of
Croton tiglium is “Acute threat from being suddenly bound” (Sankaran,
2002:248).
Hura brasiliensis, which also belongs to the Euphorbiacea family, shares
the sensation of the Euphorbiaceae family, but has themes of the leprosy miasm.
Hence, the feeling of Hura brasiliensis
can be: “Condemned by being bound” (Sankaran, 2002:262). Thus, each
remedy from a family has the combination of the family sensation and its
individual miasmatic features (Sankaran, 2002:27).
2.11.3
Miasm
Through his experience, Sankaran realized that a disease is an attitude
or a posture acquired by an organism to survive in a particular situation. This
posture can remain even after the situation no longer exists. Thus, the person
continues to perceive and react according to the original situation. Therefore,
the mental state of a person can be recognized as a posture acquired by the
person in response to a situation, even if the situation does not exist. The
person falsely perceives the situation in a way which is inappropriate or
unsuitable.
According to Sankaran, disease is a basic delusion of the patient and by
removing the delusion, the disease can be removed (Sankaran, 2005b:32 - 33).
Sankaran decided to study miasms in terms of his concept of ‘disease as
a delusion’.
Miasms are a classification of diseases, therefore it is also a
classification of delusions (falsely perceived situations) (Sankaran,
2005b:38). It is also a way a person perceives a type of situation which can be
reflected through the depth and degree of desperation a person feels. Therefore
miasms can be a measure of how desperate a situation is perceived to be
(Sankaran, 2005b:263). The Psoric miasm is considered to be the least desperate
while the Syphilitic miasm is considered to be the most desperate (Sankaran,
2005b:123).
There are many ways to perceive a situation and therefore, in addition to
the three classic miasms, Sankaran identified seven more inbetween miasms to
the existing
model. The new miasms were named after the diseases they most closely
resemble and include:
Acute, Typhoid, Ringworm, Malarial, Cancer, Tubercular and Leprosy (Sankaran,
2005b:228)
Drug remedies in homoeopathy: an ill defined group in homoeopathy. Synthetic
drug remedies are relatively new and include remedies derived from synthetic
pharmaceutical drugs, such as Penicillinum (Penicillin), Amitriptylinum
(Amitriptyline), Diazepam, Haloperidolum (Haloperidol), to name but a few.
Some of the most well known ‘drug’ remedies are Anhalonium lewinii,
Cannabis Indica, Coffea cruda, Coca, Nux moschata, Agaricus muscarius and Opium.
However, they are not synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies.
Remedies from the synthetic recreational drug isolate group can be
prescribed as a homoeopathic remedy in various forms. Synthetic recreational
drug isolate remedies
can be prescribed in two forms:
1) Tautopathic prescription
Tautopathy means the prescribing of
a potentised drug or toxin. One prescribes a tautopathic remedy if a patient
has the aetiology of ‘never been well since’ taking a
drug, poisonous chemical, toxin etc (Watson, 2004:108). Another
indication is if a patient presents with the ill-effects of a drug substance. A
tautopathic remedy can be prescribed on the symptom picture to alleviate the
ill effects of the drug, as long as it is clearly indicated (Watson, 2004:108).
For example, if a person displays
symptoms due to the effects caused by cocaine abuse, the tautopathic remedy of
cocaine will alleviate the symptoms.
2) Homoeopathic simillimum
Homoeopathic remedies are prescribed based on the Law of Similars. If a
person’s symptoms from a case correlate to the proving symptoms of a certain
drug remedy e.g Cocainum hydrochloricum, one will have prescribe this remedy as
the simillimum.
[Mangialavori] certain substances were traditionally used as drugs in
different cultures, as each culture has its own unique drugs:
Coca in South America,
Anhalonium lewenii in Central America,
Cannabis indica in North Africa,
Opium in the Middle East,
Agaricus muscarius in Siberia,
Kava-Kava in Polynesia.
He considers drugs to be interesting as they were originally used to
alter consciousness and to discover one's connection with God. Even though the
thought of God is different in different parts of the world, and each culture
uses a different substance, the drug substances do have many important features
in common (Mangialavori, 1999).
Some general homoeopathic drug characteristics have previously been
identified, including:
- Feelings of isolation and being forsaken with desires of escaping;
- Impressions and perceptions are increased (Hypersensitive);
- Pleasant feelings (euphoria, elation) and fantasies (can create their
own world);
- Dreamy/Spaced out, carefree;
- Delusions/Hallucinations (visual, auditory, tactile etc);
- Numbing of pain/ avoidance;
- Addiction/Dependence;
- Disorientated/Confusion;
- Beautiful visions;
- Distorted perception of space and time;
- Self destructive (Traub, in Lewis, 2007)
Through research in the plant kingdom, Sankaran proposed certain
homoeopathic plant ‘drug’ themes:
1)
A feeling of alienation isolated and removed from the rest of the world
- “As if living in t heir own world”
2) A sense of upliftment and
feeling that the world is beautiful;
3) Benevolence - with the need
to do something in order to feel a sense of belonging. Lack of
sensitivity/Hypersensitivity
4) Activity of the mind with too
many thoughts (Sankaran, 2002:516)
2.13.1
Other ‘drug’ related information In the preface of Mangialavori’s
“Praxis” Volume II (2010), consisting of case studies of the “Drug family,”
Giovanni Marotta states his opinion on the work of the Drug family. He
believes that a human being is born, progresses, dies, and then goes on to
another state.
There is a continuous process of integration and disintegration,
construction and destruction in one’s life. According to Marotta, drugs are
well known for their
characteristics of breaking down the psychosomatic integrity of a
person. He compares this to an anatomical dissection, where the destruction
allows one to glance into the
underlying structure and function. Therefore, Marotta believes that drug
substances help to reveal how an individual is put together.
In 2010, a book called “Power Drugs” was published and included articles
on Cacao, Coffea tosta, Coffea cruda, Camphora, Guarana, Thea, Chocolate,
Ephedra, Kola,
Damiana, Kava Kava, Mate and Tabacum.
Even these drugs have been used by different cultures for thousands of
years, and are being consumed now on a daily basis as stimulants in the modern
day competitive world. These drugs help to increase performance as they make
one work faster, better and more effective ly (Narayan Publishers, 2010).
No official group analysis has been conducted on synthetic recreational
drug isolated remedies, and therefore the results from the current study is a
valuable
contribution and may lead to remedies from the synthetic recreational
drug isolate group being utilized more often in homoeopathic practice.
2.14
Synthetic recreational drug isolates
Before progressing further, the following words need to be defined and
understood (Collins Paperback Dictionary and Thesaurus, 2006):
1) Synthetic: a substance or material made artificially by chemical
reaction; not genuine.
2) Recreational (in terms of a drug): taken for pleasure rather than for
medical reasons or because of an addiction.
3) Drug: any synthetic, semi-synthetic or natural chemical substance
used in the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease, or for other
medical reasons
or taken for the pleasant effects it produces.
The classification of recreational drugs (Goldstein, 2001).
Definitions and Examples
CANNABINOIDS Drugs that are a derivative of the plant Cannabis indica
and can produce both hallucinogenic and depressant results.
Marijuana.
DEPRESSANTS Drugs that slow down the normal body function and the
central nervous system (CNS)
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Methaqualone
HALLUCINOGENS Drugs that induce or produce hallucinations and disrupt
the normal functioning of the CNS
LSD
Amphetamines
Methamphetamine
PCP (Phenicyclidene)
Psylocibine (Magic Mushrooms)
NARCOTICS (Opiates) Drugs that have
a relaxing and pain relieving effect.
Opium
Heroin
Codein
Morphine
STIMULANTS Drugs that increase activity in the CNS
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Methamphetamine
MDMA (Ectasy)
Nicotine
Ephedrine
Metylphenidat hydrochloride
Stimulants include Cocaine,
Caffeine.
Exciting the CNS, stimulate
behaviour or arousal, suppress appetite and remove fatigue. Some simultants
(Metylphenidat hydrochloride can also calm some forms of hyperactivity
(Palfay and Jackowitz,
1997:289).
2.14.1.2
Methylphenidate hydrochloride is a
stimulant which is similar to amphetamines. Discovered in 1954 by scientists at
a Swiss drug company. It was then introduced in the
U.S. in 1955 as a treatment for
narcolepsy (Barondes, 2003:71).
Early advertisements portrayed
tired, fatigued patients with a wide range of psychiatric disorders such as
chronic fatigue, depression, and dementia. The information and
visuals of methylphenidate hydrochloride
advertisements throughout the 1950s and 1960s suggested it to be a drug that is
useful in the treatment of most psychiatric
diagnoses. While methylphenidate
hydrochloride was advertised for adults exclusively, the use of other
psychotropic drugs for behaviour problems in children has been
ongoing since the 1920s (Tone and
Watkins, 2007: 132).
By the 1960s, many articles
documented the benefits of methylphenidate hydrochloride over tranquilizers in the
treatment of children’s overactive and distracted behaviours.
The term for this behaviour was
called ‘chronic brain syndrome’.
Two years later, it was named
Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD). MBD is a collective term for at least thirty
eight other diagnostic terms. Methylphenidate
hydrochloride was marketed to treat
MBD, and in 1970 it was officially used for the treatment of children with MBD,
the early term for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Tone and
Watkins, 2007: 140 - 141).
Mechanism of action
Methylphenidate hydrochloride acts
as a stimulant by rectifying the chemical deficiency in the brain. However, as
with schizophrenia and depression, there is no direct evidence for an imbalance
of a neurotransmitter in people with ADHD. Like amphetamines, methylphenidate
hydrochloride binds to transporters that control the uptake of brain amines,
like dopamine. Similar to amphetamines, intravenous methylphenidate
2.14.2
Hallucinogens (also known as
psychotomimetics and psychedelics) are drugs that produce hallucinations and
affect one’s cognition and perception. Hallucinogen comes
from the Latin word halucinatio
which means wandering of the mind or attention.
Medically, it is defined as a
sensory perception without an actual external stimulus.
They can cause delirium or psychotic
episodes of schizophrenia. Hallucinogens include ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP),
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
(Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997:415 - 417).
A new term, entheogen (= Greek word
entheos, meaning ‘God within),’ has been introduced as these substances reveal
or allow a connection to the ‘divine within’ (Vale, 2012: 86).
Salvia divinorum (Salv-divinorum)
Tabacum officinalis = Nicotiana tabacum Anhang
Anhalonium lewinii Anhang
LSD "Virtually all American
users of entheogenic drugs claim to have tried mescaline at some point in their
careers. Clearly, the great majority have simply tried ...
2.15
Biochemical Analysis of the drugs
MDMA and LSD have amphetamine like
molecular structures (referred to as phenethylamines) and are therefore
chemically related to amphetamines (Hanson et al., 2012:364).
Amphetamine is a synthetic
derivative of the phenylethylamine family, which differs as it contains a
methyl group (- CH3) attached to the side chain (European
Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug
Addiction, 2011e).
Phenethylamines drugs have varying
degrees of hallucinogenic and CNS stimulant properties (Hanson et al.,
2012:364). MDMA and LSD have more hallucinogenic
properties than stimulating
properties, with LSD having a psychedelic effect as well (Hanson et al.,
2012:364 - 365).
Methylphenidate hydrochloride is
also related to amphetamines, but only has a stimulating property (Hanson et
al., 2012:299).
Therefore, LSD, MDMA and
methylphenidate hydrochloride have common substructures such as amphetamines as
well as phenethylamines (Hanson et al., 2012:364).
LSD does differ from MDMA and
methylphenidate hydrochloride as it contains a diethylamide group with an
indole ring (six-membered benzene ring fused to a five
- membered nitrogen-containing pyrrole
ring) (May, 1998).
Methylphenidate hydrochloride also
differs as it is the only drug that has a piperidine derivative and contains
the element chlorine (Drugs.com, 2012).
However, LSD, MDMA, methylphenidate
hydrochloride, Heroin and Cocaine share some common substructures such as
benzene rings (aromatic compounds) and amine groups (May, 1998).
3.2
Sample selection
Due to the fact that information was
extracted through a manual process, the remedies chosen could not be selected
only in terms of rubrics listed in computerized programs and repertories.
Remedies were chosen from those
listed in Table 2 according to the following criteria:
1. The homoeopathic significance of
each remedy
2. The availability of proving’s and
representation in materia medica
3. The drug has a synthetic
derivative
4. The drug is commonly used.
Table 2: Recreational Drug remedies
in homoeopathy
|
Drugname |
|
Remedy name |
|
Opium |
|
Poppy Papaver somniferum |
|
Heroin |
|
Heroinum |
|
Codein |
|
Codein |
|
Morphine |
|
Morphinum |
|
Ethyl alcohol |
|
Alcoholus |
|
Phenobarbital |
|
Phenobarbital |
|
MDMA / Ecstasy |
|
MDMA / Ecstasy |
|
Amphetamines: Mescaline |
|
Anhalonium lewinii |
|
Nicotine |
|
Nicotinum |
|
Methylphenidate hydrochlorice |
|
Methylphenidate hydrochloricum |
|
Cocaine |
|
Cocainum hydrochloricum |
|
Ephedrine |
|
Ephedrinum |
|
Cannabis indica (Hashish) |
|
Cannabis indica |
|
Lysergic acid diethylamide |
|
LSD |
|
Coffee |
|
Coffea cruda |
|
Nutmeg |
|
Nux moschata |
|
Fly agaric |
|
Agaricus muscarius |
|
|
|
|
These criteria were utilized because
the group analysis method is mainly focused on characteristic, well-defined
features which are poorly represented in the ‘smaller’
remedies (Sankaran, 2005). A minimum
of 5 remedies was selected as this is the smallest number to have been
previously used in a group analysis study (Weston, 2010).
The selection process resulted in
the following five remedies:
- Heroinum (Heroin)
- MDMA/Ecstasy (MDMA/Ecstasy)
- Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
(Methylphenidate hydrochloride) = MHL
- Cocainum hydrochloricum (Cocaine)
- Lysergic acid diethylamide
(Lysergic acid diethylamide) = LSD
3.3
Data processing Information from
various materia medica, provings, Radar 10 and rubrics were used for extraction
purposes. The selected remedies were subjected to a manual extraction and only
rubrics that contained at least 2 of the selected remedies were utilized. The
extraction process produced mental, physical and general symptoms.
3.4.
Data analysis
3.4.1
Determination of the common group
sensation
The selected rubrics were analyzed
for common sensations in the group.
All data was analyzed in terms of
Sankaran’s model of Vital Sensation.
If the sensation was represented by
a rubric that was present in at least 2 of the selected remedies, it was
considered to be common to the group.
Sensations from mental symptoms,
general symptoms and symptoms particular to various parts of the body were included.
The results are listed in Table 3 (Sensation rubrics for the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group).
3.4.1.1
First order analysis
The extracted sensations were
defined using a dictionary and thesaurus (Collins, 2006).
The same text was used to identify
synonyms relating to the sensation.
The extracted common sensations and
corresponding synonyms were subjected to a homoeopathic literature search. This
tested and confirmed the accuracy and validity of the selected set of
sensations. This also ensured that the sensation relates to the group as a
whole. This was termed the first order analysis.
3.4.1.2
Second order analysis
The approved sensations extracted
from the first order analysis were subjected to a definition development
process using a dictionary (Collins, 2006) and a synonyms
development process using a
Thesaurus (Collins, 2006).
Each synonym was examined and
homoeopathic literature was searched to test its validity. This was termed the
second order analysis. This method verified the first order sensations, while
the second order sensations could be established.
3.4.1.3
Third order analysis
If any new sensations emerged as a
result of the second order analysis, these were then subjected to a third order
analysis. The new sensations were also subjected to a literature search,
allowing second order sensations to be verified and new third order sensations
to be established.
All synonyms and definitions are
listed in
APPENDIX A: Keywords utilized
according to Sankaran’s (2005:7) miasmatic model
|
Acute |
Typhoid |
Malaria |
|
Acute |
Sub-acute |
Paroxysmal |
|
Sudden |
Crisis |
Periodical |
|
Violent |
Intens |
Stuck |
|
Panic |
Sinking |
Persecution |
|
Danger |
Recover |
Unfortune |
|
Reflex |
Intense short effort |
Excitement # Acceptance |
|
Escape |
|
|
|
Terror |
Collapse |
Obstructed |
|
Helpless |
Impatience |
Hindered |
|
|
|
|
|
Fright |
Demanding |
|
|
Instinctive |
Critical |
|
|
Insanity |
Typhoid |
|
The common extracted sensations were
also analyzed according to their quantitative representation in the different
sections of the homoeopathic materia medica. The extracted common sensations
and the allocation of each remedy of the drug group in the homoeopathic materia
medica are listed in section 4.3.
3.4.2.
Determination of the reactions to
the common sensations of the group
Once a set of common sensations of
the group was identified, the reactions to these sensations were analyzed and divided
into 3 categories: active, passive or compensatory reactions towards the
sensation (Sankaran, 2005b:141).
Reactions to a particular sensation
may result in actual actions, a desire to act and or the avoidance or lack of
action. Each action can give rise to a related sensation and each sensation can
stimulate a specific action, even if one does not actually act upon that
action. In this manner, sensation and action (or the desire to act) are always
equal and opposite (Sankaran, 2005b:130).
3.4.3
Determination of the miasmatic
classification of the group
Each remedy of the group was
individually studied and analyzed based on Sankaran’s extended miasmatic model
(Sankaran, 1997). Sankaran developed a miasmatic table (Appendix A) with a list
of keywords which are related to a particular miasm.
Sankaran’s miasmatic model does not
include the AIDS miasm.
However, he states that that there
are many more miasms that are yet to be discovered and the development of
miasms is an evolving process (Sankaran, 1999:74).
Literature from the homoeopathic
materia medica, provings and rubrics were searched for those keywords.
If the keywords specific to a miasm
dominate in a remedy, this may point to the relevant miasm which the remedy
might belong to (Sankaran, 2005a). The individual
characteristics and particular
expression of each remedy was also analyzed, to determine the total miasmatic
representation of each remedy.
CHAPTER 4
4.3.1.1 Dryness
The effects of many recreational
synthetic drugs are activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). One of
the symptoms produced is dryness. Dryness was
present as a symptom throughout all
five synthetic recreational drug remedies (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997: 110).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
EYE - Dryness
EYE - PAIN + dryness of eyeballs
FACE - DRYNESS [Lips (licks them
frequently)]
MOUTH - DRYNESS [Palate (< open
air)]
THROAT - DRYNESS (not > drinking)
LARYNX AND TRACHEA - DRYNESS
COUGH - DRY
CHEST - DRYNESS
SKIN - Dry
EXTREMITIES - DRYNESS - Hands (palm)
Heroinum
THROAT - DRYNESS
COUGH - DRY (from tickling in
Larynx)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
NOSE - DRYNESS - at night/inside
MOUTH - DRYNESS with thirst
FACE - DRY Lips (at night/on waking)
EXTREMITIES - DRYNESS [(r.) palm of
hands]
COUGH - DRY (almost constant)
SKIN - DRY - inability to perspire
Cocainum hydrochloricum
THROAT - DRYNESS
MDMA
THROAT - DRYNESS
FEMALE GENITALIA - DRYNESS of vagina
4.3.1.2
Dullness
People tend to experience feelings
of dullness, drowsiness and mental clouding during administration of heroin
(Hanson, 2012:258).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - DULLNESS (> evening/in
company/can only relate to one person at a time/for what he has heard/slow
thinking)
Heroinum
MIND - DULLNESS
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - DULLNESS (with headache)
HEAD - PAIN dull pain
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this
sensation in the literature
MDMA
No data available for this
sensation in the literature
4.3.1.3
Heaviness
A sign of heroin use is the heavy
feeling of the extremities (Hanson, 2012:262).
Heroin and cocaine use during
pregnancy has been associated with a reduced birth weight where the babies are
under- weight and malnourished (Hanson, 2012:312).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - DELUSIONS - body heavy and
thick
MIND - DELUSIONS - is heavy
MIND - DELUSIONS - a heavy black
cloud enveloped her
HEAD - HEAVINESS in forehead/in
occiput
EYE - HEAVINESS
EXTREMITIES - HEAVINESS [in foot/in
hip/in leg (r.)/shoulder (r.)/thigh (sitting)/
EXTREMITIES - HEAVINESS - Upper
limbs (l.)
Heroinum
MIND - DELUSIONS - is heavy/”As if
heavy”
VERTIGO - + heaviness in head
HEAD - HEAVINESS (on forehead)
EYE - HEAVINESS in lids
NOSE - HEAVINESS
EXTREMITIES - HEAVINESS (in lower
limbs)
SLEEP - HEAVY
GENERALS - HEAVINESS (in afternoon)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
EYE - HEAVINESS in lids
GENERALS - HEAVINESS
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this sensation
in the literature
MDMA
No data available for this sensation
in the literature.
4.3.1.4
Coldness
Drugs like Heroin, when taken, can
remove feelings of coldness. However, coldness can also be an after effect of
the drug (Emmett and Nice, 1996: 145)
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - DELUSIONS - skull open to the
cold
HEAD - PAIN > cold air
HEAD - PAIN in cold wind
EYE - COLDNESS (l.)
VISION - LIGHT cold
MOUTH - PAIN in palate < cold air
BACK - COLDNESS /”As from cold air”
EXTREMITIES - COLDNESS in foot
[evening (18 h.)/sitting]
PERSPIRATION - COLD
SKIN - COLDNESS with internal heat
GENERALS - COLD </aversion to
cold air
GENERALS - COLD feeling in bones
Heroinum
NOSE - COLDNESS
MOUTH - SALIVA cool
THROAT - “As if cold” (in
oesophagus/”As from peppermint”)
LARYNX AND TRACHEA - “As if cold” in
larynx
CHEST - COLDNESS internal
EXTREMITIES - COLDNESS [in hands
(and feet)]
SLEEP - SLEEPLESSNESS from coldness
CHILL - ICY COLDNESS of the body
GENERALS - FOOD and DRINKS - desires
cold drink, cold water
GENERALS - “As if hot” # sensation
of cold
GENERALS - TREMBLING with external
coldness
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
HEAD - HOT with coldness of body
(extremities)
COUGH - < COLD drinks
EXTREMITIES - COLDNESS
GENERALS - < COLD air
GENERALS - “As if hot” # sensation
of cold
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this sensation
in the literature
MDMA
GENERALS - FOOD and DRINKS desires
cold drinks
4.3.1.5
Weakness and faintness
Weakness and faintness associated
with the withdrawal of drug usage (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - MEMORY - weakness of memory
(for dates/for what has happened/for places/proper names)
EXTREMITIES - WEAKNESS in hand (on
grasping objects/writing)
EXTREMITIES - WEAKNESS in upper arm
GENERALS - WEAKNESS (from slight
exertion/with restlessness/standing/sudden)
GENERALS - FAINTNESS (on
exertion/walking in open air)
Heroinum
MIND - MEMORY - weakness of memory
(for dates/for what has happened/for where objects are put/for words)
EXTREMITIES - WEAKNESS - Leg
(afternoon/in lower limbs)
GENERALS - WEAKNESS (+ nausea/with
lack of reaction)
GENERALS - FAINTNESS
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - MEMORY - weakness of memory
(for what he just has done/for names/for numbers/for where objects are put)
GENERALS - WEAKNESS - morning/+
activity of mind/> dinner/during fever/from pain
Cocainum hydrochloricum
MIND - with weakness of will
MDMA
GENERALS - WEAKNESS
4.3.1.6
Acute and sensitive
Users of hallucinogens such as LSD
and MDMA have heightened and exaggerated senses such as touch and vision etc
(Hanson, 2012:354).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - SENSES acute (to minutest
detail)
MIND - SENSITIVE [to colors/when
hearing of cruelties/to all external impressions/to light/to music/to nature
and natural objects/to (sudden) noise/to voices]
VISION - ACUTE (clear, bright and
lucid)
HEARING ACUTE (to distant sounds/to
music/to noises/to voices and talking)
NOSE - SMELL - acute (with delight
in smells)
ABDOMEN - SENSITIVE skin
FEMALE ORGANS - SENSITIVENESS of
Uterus
Heroinum
MIND - SENSITIVE (to criticism/to
nature and natural objects/to noise/to opinion of others/to sensual
impressions)
MIND - SENSITIVEness wanted
MIND - SENSES acute
HEARING - ACUTE
TEETH - SENSITIVE, tender (brushing)
NOSE - SMELL acute
MOUTH - TASTE acute
CHEST - SENSITIVE Mammae
SKIN - SENSITIVENESS (to touch)
GENERALS - TOBACCO - aversion to and
sensitive to smell of tobacco
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
MIND - SENSES acute
MIND - SENSITIVE to touch
MIND - SENSITIVE to noise
MIND - SENSITIVE (to colors/to
light)
MIND - SENSITIVE when hearing of
cruelties
MIND - SENSITIVE - to all external impressions/to
nature and natural objects/to noise (sudden/voices)
VISION - ACUTE
HEARING - ACUTE (to noises/to
music/voices and talking)
NOSE - SMELL acute (delights in
smells)
MOUTH - TASTE, acute
ABDOMEN - SENSITIVE skin
FEMALE ORGANS - SENSITIVENESS of
Uterus
Heroinum
MIND - SENSITIVE (to criticism/to
nature and natural objects/to noise/to the opinion of others)
MIND - SENSITIVE to sensual
impressions
MIND want of sensitiveness
MIND - SENSES acute
HEARING - ACUTE
NOSE - SMELL acute
MOUTH - TASTE acute
TEETH - SENSITIVE, tender (brushing)
CHEST - SENSITIVE Mammae
SKIN - SENSITIVENESS (to touch)
GENERALS - aversion to and sensitive
smell of tobacco
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
MIND - SENSES acute
MIND - SENSITIVE - to touch/to noise
VISION - ACUTE
HEARING - ACUTE (to noises)
MOUTH - TASTE acute
4.3.1.7
Detachment, indifference, apathy and
feelings of detachment are general withdrawal symptoms associated with
synthetic recreational drugs (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - DETACHED (from daily
activity/from his family/from people)
MIND - INDIFFERENCE, apathy (in
evening/to personal appearance/to business affairs/to company, society/to
duties/to everything/to external things/to his family/to joy/to pain/to
pleasure)
MIND - Joyless/taciturn/looks hours
out of window
Heroinum
MIND - DETACHED
MIND - INDIFFERENCE, apathy [+
desire for feeling/to agreeable things/to business affairs/to her children/to
his condition/to (domestic) duties/with ennui/to everything/to external
impressions/to external things/to his family/to usual intellectual
occupation/to irritating, disagreeable things]
MIND - INDIFFERENCE, apathy -
joyless/to life/to loved ones/toward others/to pain/to parents/to pleasure/to
suffering
MIND - ANXIETY # indifference (as if
all her conscious anxiety)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - DETACHED
MIND - INDIFFERENCE (to everything)
MIND - INDIFFERENCE - joyless
Cocainum hydrochloricum
MIND - INDIFFERENCE (to personal
appearance)
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.1.8
Anxiety, fear, restlessness
Taking drugs can remove feelings of anxiety,
restlessness and fear. However, these feelings can also occur as a result of
ceasing to use the drugs or after administering the
drugs (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - ANXIETY [in evening/#
cheerfulness/from anticipation/causeless/of conscience/with fear/during flushes
of heat/about future/for others/while riding/about salvation/when speaking (in
company/on waking)]
MIND - FEAR [of being alone/of
death/of ghosts/something will happen/of insanity/of her condition being
observed/of robbers/of suffocation (at night)/of trifles/with fear]
MIND - STARTING, startled - anxious
DREAMS - FEAR - panic
MIND - RESTLESSNESS (in
evening/anxious/busy/walking)
VERTIGO during ANXIETY
THROAT - ANXIETY and apprehension in
throat
STOMACH - ANXIETY
RESPIRATION - ANXIOUS
CHEST - ANXIETY in
GENERALS - RESTLESSNESS
Heroinum
MIND - ANXIETY [when alone/#
contentment/# indifference (“As if all her conscious anxiety had gone into her
subconscious and her conscious was anxiety free/about business/about own
children/anxiety of conscience/in the dark/on waking from frightful
dreams/about his family/about future (about the coming day)/on waking]
MIND - FEAR - of the bed/losing
control/of the dark/to neglect his duty/of failure/something will happen/of
misfortune/in a narrow place/of opinion of others/to go to sleep (lest she
dreams)
MIND - ACTIVITY; desires it
MIND - RESTLESS (anxious/of
conscience/on waking)
ABDOMEN - RESTLESSNESS, uneasiness,
etc.
SLEEP - RESTLESS
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - ANXIETY [about his
family/about future/rising from chest]
MIND - FEAR of cancer/that his
memory would fail/of robbers/of talking, lest he should say something wrong]
MIND - RESTLESSNESS (internal)
DREAMS - about restless children
MDMA
MIND - ANXIETY (causeless)
MIND - FEAR of losing control
MIND - FEAR, insanity
MIND - RESTLESS
RESPIRATION - ANXIOUS
CHEST - ANXIETY within
SLEEP - ANXIOUS/SLEEPLESS from
anxiety/WAKING frequent with anxiety
DREAMS - ANXIOUS (“As if all her
conscious anxiety had gone into her subconscious”
DREAMS - restless
Cocainum hydrochloricum
SLEEP - Restless
4.3.1.9
Heat, warmth, fever
Activation of the sympathetic
nervous system can produce hyperthermia, which leads to sensations of heat,
warmth, and the development of fever, especially with the use of Cocaine
(Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997:112). Indians living in the Andes chew coca
leaves, can live comfortably in 30° F, 10000 feet above sea level (Emmett and
Nice, 1996: 72).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - ANXIETY during flushes of
heat
EAR - HEAT in meatus
FACE - HEAT (flushes)
FACE - PERSPIRATION during heat
MALE ORGANS - HEAT
CHEST - HEAT in region of heart
CHEST - HEAT morning, on waking
BACK - HEAT in cervical region
EXTREMITIES - HEAT - Hand
EXTREMITIES - HEAT - Upper limbs
SKIN - COLDNESS with internal heat
GENERALS - HEAT - flushes of
(daytime/from least exertion/ext. upwards/+ perspiration and anxiety/during
sleep)
GENERALS - Lack of vital heat
GENERALS - HEAT - sensation of
GENERALS - HEATED, becoming
HEAD - PAIN > warm room
PERSPIRATION - WARM
GENERALS - WARM - desire for warmth
FEVER # chills
Heroinum
FACE - HEAT (flushes)
EAR - HEAT (r.)
MOUTH - HEAT
THROAT - HEAT (after cough/ext.
stomach)
CHEST - HEAT (flushes)
CHEST - PAIN during heat
EXTREMITIES - HEAT - Foot/hand (dry)
GENERALS - HEAT - flushes of
(evening/with perspiration/in room/sensation of (# sensation of cold)
THROAT - PAIN > warm drinks
GENERALS - FOOD and DRINKS: desires
warm drinks (hot)
GENERALS - WARMTH > (desires
warmth of stove)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
HEAD - HOT with coldness of body
HEAD - HEAT with coldness of
extremities
SLEEP - SLEEPLESSNESS during heat
GENERALS - HEAT - flushes of
GENERALS - lack of vital heat
GENERALS - HEAT - sensation of (#
with sensation of coldness)
GENERALS - HEAT - sensation in upper
part of body
COUGH - WARM > drinks/> air
GENERALS - > WARMTH
EXTREMITIES - PAIN < fever
FEVER - heat in general/intense heat
at night
FEVER - PERSPIRATION with heat
COUGH - LOOSE during fever
MDMA
GENERALS - HEAT, flushes # chills
FACE - HEAT, flushes
CHEST - WARMTH
GENERALS - > WARMTH
Cocainum hydrochloricum
BACK - HEAT ext. back
4.3.1.10
Anger, rage, fury, violence
Withdrawal of drug usage can result in
an emotional imbalance. This results in a variety of behaviours such as rage,
anger and fury and being violent (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - ANGER (from disappointed love/about pain/with
difficult respiration/sudden/violent)
DREAMS - ANGER
MIND - RAGE, fury (violent)
MIND - VIOLENCE - aversion to
MIND - VIOLENT
COUGH - VIOLENT
DREAMS - VIOLENCE
Heroinum
MIND - ANGER morning on waking/#
tranquillity/from contradiction/about disorder/easily/with himself/violent/on
waking
MIND - IMPATIENCE with anger
DREAMS - ANGER
MIND - RAGE, fury (with cursing)
MIND - VIOLENT
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - ANGER
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.1.11
Numbness
Overdose symptoms and toxicity of
drugs can produce numbness and tingling. Cocaine applied locally also produces
numbness (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997: 324).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
HEAD - “As if numb”
HEAD - PAIN with numbness
MOUTH - NUMBNESS /palate)
MOUTH - NUMBNESS of Tongue
LARYNX AND TRACHEA - NUMBNESS -
trachea
GENERALS - NUMBNESS externally
Heroinum
GENERALS - NUMBNESS - of affected
parts/externally
HEAD - “As if numb” - in forehead
(evening ext. bone of nose)
HEAD - “As if numb” in vertex
Cocainum hydrochloricum
GENERALS - NUMBNESS ( externally)
EXTREMITIES - NUMBNESS in fingers
MDMA
No evidence for this theme in the
available literature
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.1.12
Tingling, itching, burning
Signs of heroin use can be itching,
scratching and sensation of tingling (Hanson, 2012: 259).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
HEAD - TINGLING
FEMALE ORGANS - TINGLING, voluptuous
EXTREMITIES - TINGLING [Fingers
(r./4th)/Foot/Hand]
EYE - ITCHING (l.)
NOSE - ITCHING (inside)
MOUTH - ITCHING on palate
RECTUM - ITCHING (around anus)
CHEST - ITCHING - in axilla/in
nipples of mammae (r.)
EXTREMITIES - ITCHING - l./in bend
of elbow/forearm/in leg/in thigh/upper limbs
SKIN - ITCHING (< warm bathing)
SKIN - ITCHING in spots
EYE - PAIN burning (r.)
MOUTH - PAIN - burning in palate
Heroinum
HEAD - TINGLING [in vertex (side
l./r.)
NOSE - TINGLING in tip
NOSE - PAIN - burning, smarting in
root of nose
MOUTH - PAIN burning (in lips/in
tongue)
FACE - TINGLING - Lips ext. to nose
EXTREMITIES - TINGLING in foot
(standing)/hand/leg/upper limbs)
EYE - ITCHING
NOSE - ITCHING in nostrils/in tip
MOUTH - ITCHING (in palate)
EXTREMITIES - ITCHING - Lower limbs/Thigh/Wrist
SKIN - ITCHING (without eruptions)
CHEST - PAIN - burning [in mammae
(l./under)
EXTREMITIES - PAIN - burning in l.
hip
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
THROAT - TINGLING
EXTREMITIES - TINGLING in feet [in
heels (l.)]
EAR - ITCHING (l.)
MOUTH - ITCHING in palate
LARYNX AND TRACHEA - ITCHING in
larynx
EYE - PAIN - burning
FEMALE ORGANS - PAIN in vagina
during coition burning
EXTREMITIES - PAIN in palms of hands
(burning)
Cocainum hydrochloricum
THROAT - PAIN in pharynx, burning
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.1.13
Tranquillity
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - TRANQUILLITY, serenity,
calmness
Heroinum
MIND - TRANQUILLITY, serenity,
calmness (from heavy rain)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - TRANQUILLITY (in stressful
events)
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
users can report feelings of
affection, tranquillity and peace (Hanson, 2012:365).
MIND - TRANQUILLITY, serenity,
calmness
4.3.2. Second order analysis
The first order sensations were
defined using a dictionary (Collins, 2006) and related synonyms were identified
using a thesaurus (Collins, 2006). New, relevant synonyms
were used and were subjected to a
literature search. The confirmed synonyms were confirmed as second order
sensations.
Table 5 shows a list of the first
order sensations and the second order sensations/themes
Table 5: Second order analysis from
the first order sensations/themes
First order sensations or
themes Second order sensations/themes
Impatient Aggravate, rage, impatient, itchy,
anger
Irritation Irritated,
intolerant, anxious, excitement, hurry
Detached
Indifference, separate, isolate, alone, forsaken
Sensitive
Irritable, acute, touchy, sore, raw, difficult, secretive
The researcher observed that several
second order sensations ‘go full circle’ to the original common sensations
extracted, thus confirming the first order sensations/themes.
4.3.2.1
Impatience
Withdrawal symptoms of Cocaine
include being impatient, agitated, restless and anxious (Hanson, 2012:310).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - HURRY, haste (but
unconcerned)
Heroinum
MIND - IMPATIENCE (with anger/about
his children/about trifles)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - IMPATIENCE
SKIN - SENSITIVENESS (to touch)
GENERALS - TOBACCO - aversion to - sensitive
to smell of tobacco
MIND - SENSES - acute
HEARING - ACUTE
NOSE - SMELL - acute
MOUTH - TASTE acute
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
MIND - SENSES acute
VISION - ACUTE
HEARING - ACUTE
MOUTH - TASTE acute
MIND - SENSITIVE - to touch/to noise
4.3.1.7
Detachment, indifference, apathy
Indifference, apathy and feelings of
detachment are general withdrawal symptoms associated with synthetic
recreational drugs (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - DETACHED (from daily
activity/from own family/from people)
MIND - INDIFFERENCE, apathy (in evening/to
personal appearance/to business affairs/to company, society/to duties/to
everything/to external things/to
own family/to joy/joyless/to pain/to
pleasure/taciturn/looks hours out of window)
Heroinum
MIND - DETACHED
MIND - INDIFFERENCE, apathy (+ desire
for feeling/to business affairs/to her children/to his condition/to (domestic)
duties/with ennui/to everything/to external impressions/to external things/to
own family/to usual intellectual occupation/to irritating, disagreeable
things/joyless/to life/to loved ones/to others/to pain/to
Parents/to pleasure/to suffering)
MIND - ANXIETY # indifference (“As
if all her conscious anxiety”)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - DETACHED
MIND - INDIFFERENCE (to
everything/joyless)
Cocainum hydrochloricum
MIND - INDIFFERENCE (to his personal
appearance)
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.1.8
Anxiety, fear, restlessness
Taking drugs can remove feelings of
anxiety, restlessness and fear. However, these feelings can also occur as a
result of ceasing to use the drugs or after administering the
drugs (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - ANXIETY [evening/on waking/#
cheerfulness/from anticipation/causeless/of conscience/with fear/during flushes
of heat/about future/for others/while riding/about salvation/speaking (in
company)]
MIND - STARTING, startled - anxious
VERTIGO - ANXIETY, during vertigo
THROAT - ANXIETY and apprehension in
throat
STOMACH - ANXIETY
RESPIRATION - ANXIOUS
CHEST - ANXIETY in
MIND - FEAR [of being alone/of
death/of ghosts/something will happen/insanity/of her condition being
observed/of robbers/of suffocation (at night)/of trifles]
MIND - ANXIETY with fear;
DREAMS - FEAR - panic
MIND - RESTLESSNESS
(evening/anxious/busy/> walking)
GENERALS - RESTLESSNESS
Heroinum
MIND - ANXIETY [when alone/#
contentment/# indifference (“As if all her conscious anxiety had gone into her
subconscious and her conscious was anxiety free)/about business/about own
children/of conscience/in the dark/on waking from frightful dreams/about own
family/about future (coming day)/on waking]
DREAMS - ANXIOUS (“As if all her
conscious anxiety had gone into her subconscious”)
MIND - FEAR of the bed/losing
control/of dark/to neglect his duty/of failure/something will happen/of
misfortune/in a narrow place/of others opinion of others/to go to sleep (lest
she dreams)
MIND - ACTIVITY desires it
MIND - RESTLESSNESS (anxious/of
conscience/on waking)
ABDOMEN - RESTLESSNESS, uneasiness,
etc.
RESPIRATION - ANXIOUS
CHEST - ANXIETY in SLEEP
SLEEP - SLEEPLESSNESS from anxiety
SLEEP - WAKING frequently with
anxiety
SLEEP - RESTLESS
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - ANXIETY (about own
family/about future)
MIND - FEAR - of cancer/that his
memory will fail/of robbers/of talking, lest he should say something wrong
MIND - RESTLESSNESS (internal)
DREAMS - CHILDREN about restless
children
CHEST - ANXIETY rising from chest
MDMA
MIND - ANXIETY, causeless
MIND - FEAR - of losing control/of
insanity
MIND - RESTLESSNESS
DREAMS - restless
Cocainum hydrochloricum
SLEEP - Restless
4.3.1.9
Heat, warmth, fever
Activation of the sympathetic
nervous system can produce hyperthermia, which leads to sensations of heat,
warmth, and the development of fever, especially with the use of Cocaine
(Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997: 112). Indians living in the Andes, who chew coca
leaves, can live comfortably in 30° F, 10000 feet above sea level (Emmett and
Nice, 1996: 72).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - ANXIETY during flushes of
heat
EAR - HEAT in Meatus
FACE - HOT (flushes)
FACE - PERSPIRATION during heat
MALE ORGANS - HOT
CHEST - HEAT in region of heart
CHEST - HEAT in morning, on waking
BACK - HEAT in cervical region
EXTREMITIES - HEAT - Hand/upper
limbs
SKIN - COLDNESS with internal heat
GENERALS - HEAT flushes [in daytime
(from least exertion)/ext. upwards/with perspiration and anxiety/during sleep]
GENERALS - HEAT - lack of vital
heat/”As if hot”
GENERALS - HEATED, becoming
HEAD - PAIN > warm room
PERSPIRATION - WARM
GENERALS - desires warmth
FEVER - # chills
Heroinum
FACE - HEAT (flushes)
EAR - HEAT (r.)
MOUTH - HEAT
THROAT - HEAT (after cough/ext.
stomach/flushes)
CHEST - PAIN during heat
EXTREMITIES - HEAT in foor/in hand
(dry)
GENERALS - HEAT flushes (in
evening/with perspiration/in room)
GENERALS - lack of vital heat
GENERALS - “As if hot” (# with
sensation of cold)
THROAT - PAIN > warm drinks
GENERALS - FOOD and DRINKS -
desires: warm drinks/hot drinks
GENERALS - > WARMTH/desires
warmth of stove
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
HEAD - HEAT with coldness (of
body/of extremities)
SLEEP - SLEEPLESSNESS during heat
GENERALS - HEAT flushes
GENERALS - HEAT - lack of vital heat
GENERALS - “As if hot” (# sensation
of coldness/in upper part of body)
COUGH - > WARM drinks
GENERALS - > WARM air
GENERALS - > WARMTH
EXTREMITIES - PAIN during fever
FEVER - heat in general/at night
intens/perspiration with heat
COUGH - LOOSE during fever
MDMA
GENERALS - HEAT flushes # chills
FACE - HEAT flushes
CHEST - WARM
GENERALS > WARMTH
Cocainum hydrochloricum
BACK - HEAT ext. up the back
4.3.1.10
Anger, rage, fury, violence
Withdrawal of drug usage can result
in an emotional imbalance. This results in a variety of behaviours such as
rage, anger and fury and being violent (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - ANGER (from disappointed
love/about pains/with difficult respiration/sudden/violent)
DREAMS - ANGER
MIND - RAGE, fury (violent)
MIND - VIOLENCE aversed to
MIND - VIOLENT
COUGH - VIOLENT
DREAMS - VIOLENCE
Heroinum
MIND - ANGER - morning on waking/on
waking/# tranquillity/from contradiction/causede by disorder/easily/with
ownself/violent
MIND - IMPATIENCE with anger
DREAMS of ANGER
MIND - RAGE, fury (with cursing)
MIND - VIOLENT
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - ANGER
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.1.11
Numbness
Overdose symptoms and toxicity of
drugs can produce numbness and tingling. Cocaine applied locally also produces
numbness (Palfai and Jankiewicz, 1997:324).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
HEAD - “As if numb” in forehead
HEAD - PAIN with numbness
MOUTH - NUMBNESS (in palate/in
tongue)
LARYNX AND TRACHEA - NUMBNESS in
trachea
GENERALS - NUMBNESS externally
Heroinum
GENERALS - NUMBNESS - of affected
parts/externally
HEAD
- “As if numb” [in forehead (in evening ext. bone of nose)/in vertex]
Cocainum hydrochloricum
GENERALS - NUMBNESS (externally)
EXTREMITIES - NUMB fingers
MDMA
No evidence for this theme in the
available literature
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.1.12
Tingling, itching, burning Signs of
heroin use can be itching, scratching and sensation of tingling (Hanson, 2012:259).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
HEAD - TINGLING
FEMALE GENITALIA/SEX - TINGLING,
voluptuous
EXTREMITIES - TINGLING [hand/in
fingers (4th/r.)/foot]
EYE - ITCHING (l.)
EYE - PAIN burning (r.)
NOSE - ITCHING (Inside)
MOUTH - ITCHING - Palate
MOUTH - PAIN - burning in palate
RECTUM - ITCHING (around anus)
CHEST - ITCHING - axilla/nipples of
mammae (r.)
EXTREMITIES - ITCHING - l./in bend
of elbow/on forearm/leg/thigh/upper limbs
SKIN - ITCHING (< warm bathing/in
spots)
Heroinum
HEAD - TINGLING [vertex (sides)]
NOSE - TINGLING in tip
FACE - TINGLING in l ips ext. nose
EXTREMITIES - TINGLING in foot
(standing)/hand/leg/upper limbs
EYE - ITCHING
NOSE - ITCHING - Nostrils/tip
MOUTH - ITCHING - Palate
EXTREMITIES - ITCHING - in lower limbs/in
thigh/in wrist
SKIN - ITCHING (without eruptions)
NOSE - PAIN - burning, smarting in
root
MOUTH - PAIN - burning (in inside of
lips)/tongue
CHEST - PAIN - burning [in mammae
(under/l.)]
EXTREMITIES - PAIN - burning in l.
hip
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
THROAT - TINGLING
EXTREMITIES - TINGLING in heels (l.)
EAR - ITCHING (l.)
MOUTH - ITCHING - Palate
LARYNX AND TRACHEA - ITCHING in
larynx
EYE - PAIN burning
FEMALE ORGANS - PAIN in vagina
during coition - burning
EXTREMITIES - PAIN in palms of hands
Cocainum hydrochloricum
THROAT - PAIN, pharynx, burning
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.1.13
Tranquillity
MDMA
users can report feelings of
affection, tranquillity and peace (Hanson, 2012:365).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - TRANQUILLITY, serenity,
calmness
Heroinum
MIND - TRANQUILLITY, serenity,
calmness (from heavy rain)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - TRANQUILLITY (= calmness /
serenity) (during stressful events)
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
MIND - TRANQUILLITY, serenity,
calmness
4.3.2.
Second order analysis The first
order sensations were defined using a dictionary (Collins, 2006) and related
synonyms were identified using a thesaurus (Collins, 2006). New, relevant
synonyms were used and were subjected to a literature search. The confirmed
synonyms were confirmed as second order sensations.
Table 5 shows a list of the first
order sensations and the second order
sensations/themes.
Table 5: Second order analysis from
the first order sensations/themes
First order sensations or
themes Second order sensations/themes
Impatient =
Irritated, intolerant, anxious, excitement, hurry
Irritation = Aggravate, rage, impatient, itchy, anger
Detached = Indifference, separate,
isolate, alone, forsaken
Sensitive = Irritable, acute,
touchy, sore, raw, difficult, secretive
The researcher observed that several
second order sensations ‘go full circle’ to the original common sensations
extracted, thus confirming the first order sensations/themes.
4.3.2.1
Impatience
Withdrawal symptoms of Cocaine
include being impatient, agitated, restless and anxious (Hanson, 2012:310).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - HURRY, haste (but
unconcerned)
Heroinum
MIND - IMPATIENCE (with anger/about own
children/about trifles)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - IMPATIENCE
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.2.2
Irritability can occur as a
withdrawal symptom, or it can be experienced after administering a drug (Palfai
and Jankiewicz, 1997: 311).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - IRRITABILITY
(causeless/towards children/being dependent/towards husband/during menses/from
noise/from trifles/when working)
EYE - IRRITATION
Heroinum
MIND - IRRITABILITY (in
afternoon/with discouragement/when disturbed/to her family/before menses/when
questioned/taciturn)
GENERALS - IRRITABILITY, lack of
physical
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - IRRITABILITY (caused by everything/from
helplessness/from trifles/from in larynx)
MDMA
MIND - IRRITABILITY
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.2.3
Excitement and exhilaration are some
of the effects and reasons for the usage of drugs.
These sensations occur due to
changes in the various neurotransmitters like dopamine serotonin etc in the
brain (Emmett and Nice, 1996).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - EXCITEMENT (# sadness/#
tranquillity/in company)
MIND - EXHILARATION - in open air/blissful
Heroinum
MIND - EXCITEMENT (desires it)
Cocainum hydrochloricum
MIND - EXCITEMENT
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.2.4
Alone, forsaken, isolated, separated
The after effects of drugs can lead
to feelings of separation, isolation and being forsaken. These symptoms often
tempt the user to use the drug again to alleviate
these sensations (Palfai and
Jankiewicz, 1997).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - COMPANY - aversed to (desires
solitude/yet fear of being alone)
MIND - DELUSIONS - being alone (and
all about her were dead and still/no one else exists/being alone in the world)
MIND - FEAR of being alone
MIND - DELUSIONS - is forsaken
MIND - FORSAKEN feeling (“As if
isolated”)
MIND - DELUSIONS - body and mind are
separated/body and soul are separated/spirit had separated from body/were
separated from himself/he were separated from himself and his own life/strange
thoughts are separated from him/is separated from the world
Heroinum
MIND - ANXIETY when alone
MIND - DELUSIONS - being alone (in
the world)/is forsaken/separated (from himself/from the world)
MIND - FORSAKEN feeling (“As if
isolated”/feels joyless
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - DELUSIONS - body and mind are
separated/separated from the world (with a bubble)
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.3
Some second order sensations/themes
led to third order sensations. The synonyms and definitions of the second order
sensations/themes
provided new keywords for the third
order search. Once the synonyms were confirmed by the literature, they were
taken as confirmed third order sensations.
Table 6 shows a list of the second
order sensations/themes and the third order sensations/themes
Table 6: Third order analysis from
second order sensations Second
order sensations or themes Third order sensations/themes
Sore = Angry, raw, aching, burning,
irritable, sensitive
Raw = sore, red, bloody, cold,
chill, sensitive, haemorrhage
Difficult = Hard, awkward
Secretive = Reserved
4.3.3.1
Sore and raw
Lysergic acid diethylamide
HEAD - PAIN - sore [in forehead
(above eyes/in spots)]
EYE - PAIN - sore (“As from a
foreign body)
MOUTH - PAIN - sore in palate
(swallowing saliva)
MOUTH - PAIN - sore in tongue (l.
side/tip)
ABDOMEN - PAIN - sore spleen
RECTUM - PAIN - soreness
FEMALE ORGANS - PAIN - sore in
uterus (on pressure)
CHEST - PAIN - sore, bruised -
morning/< lying/in mammae (before menses/going stairs up and down/in
sternum)
EXTREMITIES - PAIN - sore, bruised
in first toes
LARYNX AND TRACHEA - PAIN - rawness
in larynx
Heroinum
HEAD - PAIN - sore in vertex
EYE - PAIN - sore (l.)
FACE - PAIN - sore, bruised [in jaws
(lower r./in lips)
MOUTH - PAIN - sore in palate
TEETH - PAIN - sore, bruised
THROAT - PAIN - sore (l./r./>
eating/in oesophagus)
ABDOMEN - PAIN - sore (in iliac
region/< pressure)
FEMALE ORGANS - PAIN - sore (in
ovaries/in uterus)
GENERALS - PAIN - sore, bruised (in
joints/in muscles)
DREAMS - AMOROUS - raw
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
EAR - PAIN - sore (r.)
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.3.2
Hard
Lysergic acid diethylamide
FACE - ERUPTIONS - hard
RECTUM - HEMORRHAGE from anus from
hard stool
STOOL - HARD (with blood)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
STOOL - 1. hard, 2. soft stool.
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
Heroinum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.3.3
Awkward
Lysergic acid diethylamide
EXTREMITIES - AWKWARDNESS (in
fingers/in hands)
Heroinum
MIND - AWKWARD (drops things/strikes
against things)
EXTREMITIES - AWKWARDNESS in hands
(drops things)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - AWKWARD
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.3.4
Reserved, secretive
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - SECRETIVE
Heroinum
MIND - RESERVED
MIND - SECRETIVE
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - RESERVED
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.3.5
Difficult
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - ANGER with difficult
respiration difficult
MIND - CONCENTRATION
MIND - CONCENTRATION difficult
(except on abstract subjects/cannot fix attention/difficult during
conversation/when preparing food/on one subject/studying)
MIND - STUDYING difficult
RECTUM - HEMORRHAGE from difficult
stool
RESPIRATION - DIFFICULT (“As from
abdomen”/ascending/after exertion/sitting bent forward/walking)
EXPECTORATION - DIFFICULT
Heroinum
EYE - OPENING the eyelids difficult
RESPIRATION - DIFFICULT (when
hurried)
DREAMS - DIFFICULTIES on journeys
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - CONCENTRATION - difficult
(driving/studying (= reading))
EXPECTORATION - DIFFICULT
RESPIRATION - DIFFICULT on
inspiration
SLEEP - WAKING - difficult
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.3.3.6
Red, bloody, hemmorhage
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - COLORS - desires red
EYE - red (edges of lids)
FACE - red (evening/by excitement)
FACE - ERUPTIONS - red (cheeks/chin)
MOUTH - Tongue red
FEMALE ORGANS - MENSES bright red
DREAMS - COLORED red
MIND - DELUSIONS sees blood
NOSE - EPISTAXIS (l./bright blood)
MOUTH - BLEEDING - Gums (easily)
RECTUM - HEMORRHAGE from anus (after
stool/from difficult stool/from hard stool)
STOOL - HARD with blood
FEMALE ORGANS - LEUKORRHEA bloody
GENERALS - LOSS of blood
Heroinum
FACE - ERUPTIONS - red Cheeks
MOUTH - BLEEDING of gums (when
cleaning them)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
THROAT - DISCOLORATION - red tonsils
NOSE - DISCHARGE - bloody
NOSE - EPISTAXIS (< blowing the
nose)
Cocainum hydrochloricum
RECTUM - HAEMORRHAGE from anus
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
4.4
Summary of Data Analysis
4.4.1
Sensations
The extraction process generated
several sensations and themes that appeared common amongst the selected
remedies. Sensations and themes were included if they
Were found in at least two of the
selected remedies. The different sensations/ themes that represent the
synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies are Listed in Table 7.
Table 7: Groups of sensations
obtained through the extraction process
Separated Weakness Anxiety Heat Dryness Excitement Sensitive Anger
Isolated Faintness Restless Warmth Euphoria Acute Rage
Alone Indifference Fear Fever Elation Sore Fury
Forsaken Apathy Irritated Red Exhilaration Violent
Detached Numbness Impatient
Blissfull
Neglected Ecstasy
Cheerful
Carefree
Laughing
Content
Table 8 includes proposed
themes/sensations to describe the central sensation, passive, and active as
well as compensatory reactions.
Table 8: Proposed sensations/themes
and reactions of the homoeopathic remedies belonging to the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group
Sensation Passive
Reaction Active Reaction Compensation
Anxiety
Heaviness
Anger
Euphoria
Restlessness Numbness
Rage
Ecstasy
Fear
Dullness
Violent
Elation
Excitement
Faintness
Impatient Tranquility
Dryness
Weakness
Irritable
Indifference
Coldness Acute
Isolation
4.4.2
Themes
1. Anxiety
2. Dryness
3. Euphoria, ecstasy, elation,
excitement
4. Coldness
5. Indifference, apathy
6. Nervous affection - increased
activity, numbness, restlessness, weakness, tingling, increased sensitivity
7. Isolation, detachment, separation
8. Fearlessness (although it is not
a prominent theme, it is present in all the remedies except in Methylphenidatum
hydrochloricum)
9. Tranquillity, serenity and
calmness
10. Loquacity is present in all five
remedies
11. There is a general desire for
sweets present in all remedies except in MDMA
12. Common physical affections of
the remedies include:
a) A common sensation of dryness in the throat
b) Diminished appetite
c) Distension of the abdomen
d) Sleeplessness
4.5
Miasmatic classification
The five selected remedies were
classified into specific miasms based on Sankaran’s miasmatic model (Sankaran,
1997). Each remedy was categorized as a particular
miasm if the literature showed a
clear predominance of the themes associated with that miasm.
Some remedies showed themes
belonging to more than one miasm. The miasmatic keywords used to determine the
miasms are listed in Appendix A and Appendix E.
Certain words have been italicised
in relation to the relevant keyword of a particular miasm.
4.5.1
Lysergic acid diethylamide
AIDS miasm seems to predominate
in this remedy. There are several traits of the AIDS miasm present in the
remedy, particularly that of merging, which is typical of the AIDS
miasm with its lack of
boundaries.
Merging
Delight in merging with another
(God, human, animal, plant or stone) or deep fear of it.
Merging of Senses, merging with
Music.
I felt as if the universe had been
passed into the neurons of my brain and engraved in my genetics.
Nature, Animals - Immersion of
awareness in inanimate objects, animating them.
Connection
“Feeling of confidence in
conversation with people. Feel tuned in to a higher level of communication.
Feel more at ease with my body. I feel confident in my nonverbal
communication.”
“Sense of belonging and community with the
group today, felt really at ease with them, much more than usual. Don't feel so
independent and self contained.”
Disconnection
“I felt very disconnected from
people and found great solace in being alone with nature. There was a deeply
spiritual aspect to it, and at times a real beauty in my isolation.”
“Disconnected to whole process of
proving.
Disconnected from my emotional
process.
Disconnected from others around me.”
“Increasing sense of 'indifference'
and not caring, or cannot be bothered to relate symptoms, etc.”
“Feel spaced out and apathetic.”
Detached
MIND - DETACHED (from daily
activity/from family/from people, isolated, desires to be alone
“Wanting to be alone - feeling
uncomfortable in a room of fellow provers. Wanted to go to a quiet room
somewhere.”
“Feeling lonely, forsaken and abandoned.”
MIND - COMPANY - aversion to -
desire for solitude/aversion to yet fear of being alone
Nature, animals
“Notice flocks of birds, their
movements, patterns and numbers. Feel high, as if my cares have all receded.”
“Nature feels very close to me -
enhanced connection with it. Particularly noticed the birds - ravens, crows and
pheasants.”
“Felt strong magical connection with
Nature.”
MIND - NATURE - loves boundaries
(between dimensions are thinning/inner and outer realities inverted/dissolved
between self and child
MIND - DELUSIONS - personal
boundaries dissolved (between self and family and friends/she did not know who
he was/confusion)
MIND - DELUSIONS - connected -
feeling of oneness with his fellow man and the whole of the universe
MIND - CONFUSION of mind (as to his
identity/as to his personal boundaries/depersonalization
“Delusion that the telephone keeps
ringing.”
“I'm writing numbers backwards, i.e.
the 6 before the 1 when writing 16.”
There is also a theme of travel in
the AIDS miasm. The lack of boundaries encourages one to travel. The idea of
local and distant becomes one (Fraser, 2002:171). This is of relevance as the
experience of taking LSD is often referred to as a ‘trip’.
MIND - TRAVELLING - desire
for
(Rubrics and proving data from
Norland, 1999.)
4.5.2
Heroinum
The researcher is of the view that
Heroinum belongs to the Cancer and Sycotic miasms.
Cancer miasm
MIND - INDUSTRIOUS, mania for work
“I became obsessive about cleaning
and tidying up.”
“Felt my life is in order and under
control.” 11P 03 XX.XX NS.
“Feel calm, in control and happy.”
MIND - FEAR - losing control
“Feel I have to take responsibility at work.”
“I was irritable with everybody because of the
chaos.”
MIND - CHAOTIC
“Decided to clean and polish the
house to put things in order and calm the mind.”
MIND - desires ORDER
MIND - DISORDER, sensitive to
“I'm a compulsive list maker and
finished everything and ticked it off. Being in control
Of events and on top of everything
is very important to me. Also knowing that the house is tidy makes me feel good
in myself
- I hate untidiness and mess.”
MIND - DESIRES - full of desires
(for grandeur/for unattainable things
Sycotic miasm
“Friend leaves me in charge of bus
with valuable antiques on it. I return to bus to find have left keys in the
door and some things are missing.
Guilt.
Let myself down. Do I cover up or
confess.”
“Feelings of guilt and restlessness.”
“Thoughts of abandonment, betrayal, loss,
guilt.”
“Fear of forgetting something important. Shame
of it.”
MIND - SHAMEFUL
DREAMS - SHAMEFUL
“Unusually frustrated, angry and
unforgiving with myself when things go wrong.”
“I am doubting everything about
myself.”
“Feelings of suspicion about my new
patient.”
MIND - AILMENTS FROM
(embarrassment/reproaches/shame/of body looks ugly)
MIND - EMOTIONS suppressed
MIND - weakness of memory
MIND - SECRETIVE
Warts
SKIN - “Wart drops off.”
“Verrucas are coming to the surface
and seem drier.”
(All rubrics and proving data from
Snowdown, 2002.)
4.5.3
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
The Tubercular miasm seems to
predominate in this remedy.
Tubercular miasm “Instead of the
irritability there is a sensation of power. Mind is very sharp. Pick up
everything very quickly.”
“Feel the mind is sharp and fast. I react
fast. Talk and think fast.”
MIND - CONCENTRATION - difficult
MIND - MENTAL POWER increased
“Feeling of happiness and optimism.”
“Im a bit restless.”
“Inner restlessness and tension.”
MIND - RESTLESSNESS (internal)
“Chills and shivers.”
“I became more chilly.”
“I was a bit chilly.”
FEVER - heat in general/at night
“Very fatigued - had to sit down.”
“I'm generally fatigued and weak.”
“Craving for sweets came back.”
“Disturbing cough without
expectoration. Dry cough.”
“Ceaseless cough, dry.”
“Suffocating cough.
No expectoration but I can feel both
lungs in the back when I cough.”
COUGH - DRY (almost constant)
“Feel like my respiration is not
100% fine. Like in asthma [prover has asthma] I can’t inhale fully
RESPIRATION - ASTHMATIC
“I woke up soaking in perspiration
including the beddings. The perspiration is especially on the back and legs.”
FEVER - PERSPIRATION with heat
PERSPIRATION - < during SLEEP
MIND - ACTIVITY + weakness in
general
MIND - > open AIR
MIND - MUSIC - desire for
“I feel good and enjoy listening to
music.”
“Had epistaxis.”
NOSE - EPISTAXIS (< blowing the
nose)
THROAT - INFLAMED - follicular (l.
Tonsil)
“There's a fungus on both feet on the toes -
its itching, it is an old symptom for him.”
(Rubrics and proving data was
obtained from an email from Michael Chein on 4 October 2011.)
4.5.4
MDMA
The AIDS miasm appears to predominate
in this remedy.
AIDS miasm
Loss of appetite; anorexia (MDMA is
related to the slimming pill).
Dryness of the mouth, throat and
vagina.
Lack of boundaries can result in
inappropriate relationships or bonding that is not suitable and can be harmful.
Subjects feel more aware, ‘grounded’
and at peace.
Many subjects reported that they
were more communicative.
Emotional warmth, lack of emotional
barriers.
All senses are enhanced
(touch/sound).
Clarity of mind
Dispersion; Release of ‘Body Armour’
Oversensitive to environmental
influences.
Extreme sensitivity of the whole
nervous system.
(Rubrics and proving data was
obtained from an email from Dr Marion Weston on 11 July 2012.)
4.5.5
Cocainum hydrochloricum
The main miasm of Cocainum
hydrochloricum is unclear; however there are features of the cancer, leprosy
and sycotic miasm.
Cancer Miasm
MIND - DEEDS - “As if he could do
great deeds”
MIND - AMBITION increased
MIND - INDUSTRIOUS
GENERALS - FOOD and DRINKS: desires
sweets
GENERALS - INDURATIONS of glands “As
if small foreign bodies”
Leprosy Miasm
MIND - DELUSIONS - being
abused/parts of body are absent/of bugs and cockroaches/sees bugs/worms/is
covered with worms
MALE ORGANS - “As if penis were
absent”
SKIN - “As if worms under the skin”
SKIN - BUGS; sensation of
Sycotic Miasm
MIND - AUDACITY
MIND - AMBITION increased
MIND - DELUSIONS - he is
persecuted/he was pursued (by enemies) (Rubrics from Radar 10, Archibel S.A.,
2005.)
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC RECREATIONAL
DRUG ISOLATE GROUP REMEDIES
5.1
Specific characteristics of the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC RECREATIONAL
DRUG ISOLATE GROUP REMEDIES
5.1
Specific characteristics of the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group
Through the group analysis process,
the researcher has proposed specific characteristics found in the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group, as outlined below.
5.1.1
Mind themes
Anxiety
Difficulty in concentration - with
increased mental activity
Suppression of emotions
Fearlessness
Feelings of indifference and apathy
Loquacity
Restlessness
Feelings of tranquility, serenity
and calmness
Ecstasy, euphoria, cheerful,
elation, excitement, joy
5.1.2
Physical themes
Dryness of the throat
Diminished appetite
Nausea
Cramping pain in the stomach
Distension of the stomach
5.1.3
General themes
A desire for sweets
Sleeplessness
5.2
Mental and emotional expressions of
the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
Positive feelings
Feelings of euphoria, ecstasy, cheerfulness,
excitement, bliss, positive, optimistic and laughing are expressed through all
five drug remedies. These desired effects are one of
the reasons users administer drugs.
Other feelings include of peace, tranquillity, calmness, fearlessness, contentment
and being carefree.
The opposite feelings to this are
also present. There are feelings of sadness, dullness, despair and
discontentment.
Anxiety
Anxiety is a common sensation in
this drug group. The anxiety is noticeable mainly as a mental symptom, but is
also evident at a physical level and can be felt in different areas of the
body. The main feeling of anxiety is about the future. Together with anxiety,
restlessness appears to be a common sensation in the drug group. The
restlessness can also be seen at a mental and deeper physical level.
Fear
The common fears encountered in this
drug group can be of losing control, going insane, robbers and feeling that
something will happen. The opposite feeling of fearlessness is also common and
can also be felt when one is under the influence of a drug.
Indifference
There are feelings of indifference,
apathy, detachment, isolation, separation from the world/people etc. on the
mental level. These feelings can manifest on a physical level
as symptoms of numbness, analgesia,
anaesthesia and coldness.
Feelings of isolation and detachment
can lead to feelings of clairvoyance, which can be seen in several of the drug
remedies.
Delusions and Dreams
Delusions are a major manifestation
in the drug remedies. The delusions or hallucinations can be expressed through
the various sensory areas. Visual distortions can include seeing triangles,
circles and vibrations. Hearing illusions can include sounds being beautiful
and visible.
Some of the more common delusions
include the following:
Being criticized;
Being pursued;
Separated
The common themes in dreams include
being amorous, anxious, of being pursued, and death or dead bodies, which are
all indicative of drug remedies.
5.3
Polar opposites seen in the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group
Analyzing the data revealed
prominent polarities within the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
remedies, including:
Heat vs. coldness;
Euphoria, elation, cheerful vs.
sadness, despair, discontentment;
Hypersensitive vs. lack of sensation
5.4
Pathological tendencies in remedies
from the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
5.4.1
Complaints of the throat
Lysergic acid diethylamide
INTERNAL THROAT: anxiety,
constriction, dryness, lump, pain, spasms, tickling
Heroinum
INTERNAL THROAT: choking,
constriction, coldness, dryness, heat, inflammation, lump, narrow, pain,
swallow
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
INTERNAL THROAT: inflammation,
lump, pain, tingling
Cocainum hydrochloricum
INTERNAL THROAT: dry, burning,
tickling, constricted, scratching
MDMA
………..INTERNAL THROAT: dry,
constricted, scratching, raw
5.4.2
Involvement of the eyes and vision
Lysergic acid diethylamide
EYE: Agglutinated, coldness,
discharge, discolouration, dryness, ecchymosis, heaviness, irritation. Itching,
lachrymation, pain, swelling, tingling, twitching
VISION: acute, bright, changing,
clarity, colours, confused, dim, dazzling, distorted, enlarged, illusions, objects,
moving, triangles, vibration
Heroinum
EYE: heaviness, itching,
lachrymation, pain, photophobia, tired, pupils contracted
VISION: colours, fire, foggy, rays,
swimming
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
EYE: heaviness, lachrymation, pain,
photophobia,
VISION: mistakes
Cocainum hydrochloricum
EYE: glaucoma, dilated pupils
MDMA
EYE: Nystagmus, dilated pupils
VISION: increased clarity, colours are
bright, intense, and painfully pleasurable
5.4.3
Complaints of the stomach
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Anxiety, distension, fullness,
gagging, nausea, pain, sinking, thirst, vomiting.
Heroinum
Emptiness, eructation’s, fullness,
heartburn, hernia, nausea, pain, thirst, vomiting.
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
Eructation’s, hiccough, nausea,
pain, retching, thirst, thirstless, vomiting.
Cocainum hydrochloricum
Hiccough, vomiting, pain, haemorrhage.
MDMA
Eructation’s, nausea, cramping
5.4.4
Affection of the nervous system
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Tingling: female genitalia
Twitching and tingling of the eye
Numbness: mouth, larynx and trachea,
head
Spasm of the throat
Formication of the spine
Trembling: cervical region of the
back
Trembling, tingling and weakness:
extremities
General: analgesia, convulsions,
faintness, numbness, synaesthesia, trembling, weakness
Heroinum
Numbness of the head
Tingling of vertex, nose, face,
extremities
Twitching and weakness of extremities
General symptoms of analgesia,
anaesthesia, faintness, numbness, weakness and trembling
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
Twitching: face
Tingling: extremities
Paralysis: face, generals
Weakness: generals
Cocainum hydrochloricum
Paralysis: throat, larynx and
trachea, muscles of deglutition
Formication: skin of hands and
forearms
Numbness: extremities, general
Paralysis of senses: general
Paralysis agitans: general
Chorea, alcoholic tremors, senile
trembling
MDMA
Seizures, tremors in upper and lower
limbs, convulsive movement, analgesia
Extreme sensitivity of the whole
nervous system. All senses are enhanced.
5.4.5
Complaints relating to sleep
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Sleepiness, sleeplessness,
unrefreshing, waking issues, yawning
Heroinum
Anxious, disturbed, heavy, light,
prolonged, restless, sleepy, sleepless, unrefreshing, waking problems
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
Deep, disturbed, refreshing,
sleepiness, sleeplessness, unrefreshing, waking problems
Cocainum hydrochloricum
Restless, sleeplessness
MDMA
Tired, drowsy, sleeplessness,
restless, narcolepsy
5.4.6
Male genitalia/sex
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Eruptions on penis
Sexual desire: increased
Heroinum
Sexual desire: increased, wanting or
diminished
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
Sexual desire: diminished
Cocainum hydrochloricum
“As if penis were absent”
MDMA
Impotence with increased sensitivity
Orgasm impossible
5.5
Proposed vital sensations and
reactions according to Sankaran
Sensation can be expressed in four
different ways:
1. as a sensation itself,
2. as a passive reaction,
3. as an active reaction,
4. as compensation (Sankaran,
2005b:22).
In the synthetic recreational drug isolate
group, there was a variety of sensations:anxiety, restlessness, fear,
excitement, dryness, indifference and isolation.
Sensations such as anxiety,
restlessness and dryness were noticed on
mental, physical and general levels.
The passive reaction to these
sensations appears to be of heaviness, numbness, dullness, faintness, weakness
and coldness.
The active reaction can be described
by the sensations of anger, rage, acute, violence, impatience and irritation.
The compensatory reaction is
described by the sensations of ecstasy, elation and euphoria. Another feeling
of compensation can be of tranquillity.
5.6
Clinical Applications
1) Mental disorders: Anxiety, manic
depression, delusions, drug abuse, ADHD, paranoid states
2) Chronic fatigue.
3) Glaucoma and visual disorders.
4) Anorexia Nervosa.
5) Headaches.
6) Stomach pain (cramping)
7) Narcolepsy, sleeplessness and
other sleeping disorders
8) Neurological diseases: Chorea,
paralysis, senile and alcoholic tremors, formication.
5.7
General drug characteristics
Typical general drug characteristics
according to Traub (in Lewis, 2007):
Feelings of isolation, impressions
and perceptions are increased, pleasant feelings (euphoria, elation) and
fantasies, dreamy/spaced out, delusions hallucinations, numbing of pain,
addiction/ dependence, disorientated/confusion, beautiful visions, distorted
perception of space and time and self destructive, could be identified in the
synthetic recreational drug isolate remedy group.
Evidence of certain characteristics
is reflected in the following features listed below (obtained from a variety of
materia medicas and proving materials).
5.7.1
Isolation, forsaken, escapism
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - FORSAKEN feeling (“As if
isolated”)
MIND - ESCAPE, attempts to (to sit and
think)
DREAMS - ESCAPING
Heroinum
MIND - DELUSIONS - is forsaken
MIND - “As if FORSAKEN” (“As if
isolated”)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
“Im very much with myself, it's
difficult to share. Aversion to talk.
“The remoteness continues.”
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
5.7.2
Numbness/lack of sensation
Lysergic acid diethylamide
HEAD - “As if numb in forehead”
HEAD - PAIN and numbness
MOUTH - NUMBNESS
LARYNX AND TRACHEA - NUMBNESS in
trachea
GENERALS - NUMBNESS externally
Heroinum
HEAD - “As if numb” in forehead/in
vertex
GENERALS - NUMBNESS - of affected
parts/externally
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
“Blunt sensation regarding my presence
in my own body.”
Cocainum hydrochloricum
EXTREMITIES - NUMBNESS, fingers
GENERALS - NUMBNESS (externally)
Local sensory paralysis
MDMA
No evidence for this theme in the
available literature
5.7.3
Hypersensitive
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - AWARENESS heightened (of
body/consciousness expanded/for details/for individuality in all things)
MIND - SENSITIVE (to colors/to all
external impressions/to light/to music/to nature and natural objects/to noise)
Heroinum
MIND - SENSES acute
MIND - SENSITIVE (to criticism/to
nature and natural objects/to noise/to opinion of others/to sensual
impressions/want of sensitiveness)
SKIN - SENSITIVE (to touch)
Cocainum hydrochloricum
Hearing is greatly increased
Roaring and noises in the head
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
MIND - SENSES acute
VISION - ACUTE
HEARING - ACUTE
MOUTH - TASTE acute
MIND - SENSITIVE (to touch/to noise)
5.7.4
Spaced out/Dreamy/Out of this world
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - DELUSIONS - of bodily space,
energy and dimension/was carried into space (lying/expanded/feels his home is
not on earth/was
spread through space/is a tiny point
in the vastness of space)/is moving in a new world/is in several worlds
simultaneously
Heroinum
MIND - DREAM; as if in a
MIND - DELUSIONS - everything seems
unreal/ otherworld is close to her/is in a parallel world/is separated from the
world (with a bubble)/spaceless
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
5.7.5
Hallucinations/ Delusions: visual,
auditory, tactile
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - DELUSIONS - tactile/can taste
colour/beautiful visions (delightful/fantastic/horrible/monsters/has real visions/visual)/of
hearing/beautiful/of sight and hearing
Heroinum
MIND - DELUSIONS
VISION - COLORS before the eyes -
blue/halo of fire/FOGGY (> closing eyes)/RAYS/SWIMMING of objects
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - DELUSIONS - hearing music/head
were inflated
Cocainum hydrochloricum
MIND - DELUSIONS; illusions of
hearing/visions
MDMA
VISION: intense and painfully
pleasurable
5.7.7
Confusion/Disorientation
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - CONFUSION of mind (about
daily affairs/as to his identity (and personal
boundaries/depersonalization/knows not where he is/while riding/of
situations/of time/on waking/
Heroinum
MIND - CONFUSION of mind (as to
time)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - CONFUSION of mind
Cocainum hydrochloricum
No data available for this theme in
the literature
MDMA
No data available for this theme in
the literature
5.8.
General plant drug themes
Sankaran (2002:516) proposed certain
plant ‘drug’ themes. Certain themes from the plant ‘drug’ group correspond to
themes of the synthetic recreational isolate drug group, as outlined below.
However, the theme of benevolence -
with the need to do something in order to feel a sense of belonging, is not
reflected in the synthetic recreational drug isolate group.
Therefore, this theme can help
differentiate between the plant ‘drug’ group and the synthetic recreational
drug isolate group.
5.8.1
Alienation and isolation
The feelings of alienation and
isolation in the plant ‘drug’ group has been identified in the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group as feelings of isolation, being forsaken and a
desire to escape from reality (See 5.1.1).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - FORSAKEN feeling - isolation,
sensation of
Heroinum
MIND - FORSAKEN feeling - isolation;
sensation of
5.8.2
Upliftment
The sensation of upliftment in the
plant ‘drug’ group has been expressed in the synthetic recreational drug
isolate group as feelings of joy, euphoria, excitement, contentment etc
(See 5.1.6).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - EUPHORIA
Heroinum
MIND - CONTENT
5.8.3
Hypersensitivity or lack of
sensitivity
The lack of sensitivity or
hypersensitivity in the plant ‘drug’ group has been discussed in
5.1.2 and 5.1.3 as themes of the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group.
5.8.3.1
Hypersensitivity
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - SENSITIVE (to all external
impressions)
Heroinum
MIND - SENSES acute
MIND - SENSITIVE
MDMA
MIND - SENSES acute
5.8.3.2
Lack of sensitivity
Lysergic acid diethylamide
GENERALS - NUMBNESS externally
Heroinum
GENERALS - NUMBNESS of affected
parts (externally)
Cocainum hydrochloricum
GENERALS - NUMBNESS (externally)
5.8.4
Increased mental activity
Another common theme from the plant
‘drug’ group is an increased mental activity in the synthetic recreational drug
isolate group:
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - ACTIVITY; desires (creative
activity/restless)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - ACTIVITY + weakness general
MDMA
Produces intense activity - physically,
mentally, psychically
5.9
Drug themes can be related to their
constituents
The three main constituents of the
synthetic recreational drug molecules are Hydrogen,
Carbon and Nitrogen. The chemical
formulas for each of the synthetic recreational drugs are:
1) Lysergic acid diethylamide: C20H25N3O
2) Heroin: C21H23NO5
3) Methylphenidatum hydrochloride:
4) Cocainum hydrochloride: C14H19NO2
5) MDMA: C11H15NO2
Some themes from the synthetic
recreational drug isolate remedies can be attributed to the elements
from which they are constituted.
Certain themes in Nitrogen and Hydrogen will be discussed as they also appear
in the synthetic drug isolate remedies.
5.9.1
Comparison with remedies from the
mineral kingdom
5.9.1.1
Nitrogen
According to Scholten, one of the
themes in Nitrogen is the desire for enjoyment. As long as they can enjoy life,
everything is good. If they lose the possibility to feel happy, they can become
discontented and irritable (Scholten, 1993:151).
Recreational drugs are often
administered for their euphoric effects and their ability to make one happy and
content.
The Nitrogen themes of enjoyment and
happiness
(Scholten, 1993:151) can also be
seen in the synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies. Some examples from
the synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies are listed below:
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - CHEERFUL
MIND - ECSTASY
MIND - EUPHORIA
MIND - EXCITEMENT (in company)
MIND - EXHILARATION - blissful
MIND - BLISSFUL feeling
Heroinum
MIND - CONTENT (forgets all his
ailments and pains/with himself)
MIND - EUPHORIA (# sadness)
MIND - EXCITEMENT (desires it)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - CHEERFUL
MIND - LAUGHING during sleep
Cocainum hydrochloricum
MIND - EXCITEMENT
MIND - EXHILARATION
MDMA
Feelings of bliss, ecstasy,
euphoria.
Another theme in Nitrogen is to feel
relaxed and satisfied. If they are not relaxed, they will vent their feelings
of tension (Scholten, 1996:172)
They need to let go from time to
time or else the tension will build up too much. Similarly, people also use
drugs from time to time to relieve or vent their tensions and problems.
According to Scholten, the essence
of Nitrogen is assertiveness and the need to show others who they are. They
like other people to notice and admire the success that they have achieved
(Scholten, 1996:172). The main feelings of Nitrogen is to be free and released,
without being bound down (Sankaran, 2009:199).
5.9.1.2
Hydrogen
The other element that significantly
contributes to the themes of the synthetic recreational isolate drug group.
Several themes of Hydrogen will be discussed with examples of the themes found
in the synthetic recreational isolate drug group.
1) Scholten suggests that the main
theme in Hydrogen is a sensation or
desire to be one. They want to experience the world as one total unity and
merge with others (Scholten, 1996:76). However,
This is not a common theme in the
synthetic recreational isolate drug group, and is found only in Lysergic acid
diethylamide.
Lysergic acid diethylamide
Merging
Delight in merging with another
(God, human, animal, plant or stone)
Merging of Senses, merging with
Music
MIND - DELUSIONS - connected -
oneness with his fellow humans and the whole of the universe, a feeling of
In Hydrogen, if the individual is
unable to experience unity, they feel separated and
Estranged from their family and the
world. They can feel lost and alone (Scholten, 1996:76 - 77).
However, the feelings of isolation
in the
synthetic recreational isolate drug
group do not stem from not experiencing unity. In the synthetic recreational
isolate drug group, there can be a desire to be alone or they feel isolated
because of the sensation of indifference or apathy, or they want to live in
‘their’ own world and escape from reality.
Sankaran also suggests the feelings
of isolation and separation with themselves or with others occur in a hydrogen
patient (Sankaran, 2009:133).
These themes have been identified
earlier as themes of the synthetic recreational isolate drug remedy group.
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - ESTRANGED
Heroinum
MIND - FORSAKEN feeling -
isolation; sensation of
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - FORSAKEN feeling - isolation,
sensation of
MIND - DELUSIONS - is lost
2) Another theme in Hydrogen is of
absolute truth. They search for the truth and want to know why things are the
way they are (Scholten, 1996:76). The search for the truth is not a common,
prominent theme in the synthetic recreational isolate drug group.
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - TRUTH; desire for
Heroinum
MIND - TRUTH; telling the plain
3) There are also feelings of being
spaceless and timeless in Hydrogen. They find it difficult to judge distance
and time does not exist for them. Their whole experience is simple and exists
now, in the present. Hence there are feelings of timelessness and spacelessness
(Scholten, 1996:77). The feelings of being spaceless and timeless in the
synthetic recreational isolate drug group can be due to the distortion,
confusion and ‘spaced out’ effects of the drugs.
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - DELUSIONS in time (time
seems earlier/day is endless/exaggeration of time)
Heroinum
MIND - TIME - appears longer; passes too slow
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - DELUSIONS - spaceless
4) With the inability to orientate
themselves, it can lead to feelings of confusion and they don’t know where they
are anymore (Scholten, 1996:77).
Lysergic acid diethylamide
MIND - CONFUSION of mind (knows
not where he is)
Heroinum
MIND - CONFUSION of mind (to time)
Methylphenidatum hydrochloricum
MIND - CONFUSION of mind
The delusions, moods and senses in
Hydrogen are similar to the delusions, moods and senses found in the drug remedies.
The delusions include: being separated from the world, unreal, being pursued
and criticized. Similar moods include: laughing, cheerful, optimistic, feeling
peaceful and content. However, the synthetic recreational isolate drug
group has more feelings of ecstasy,
euphoria, excitement and exhilaration compared to
Hydrogen. The senses in Hydrogen and
synthetic recreational isolate drug group are also expressed as being
sensitive. However, the senses in the
synthetic recreational isolate drug
group are more acute and distorted, producing many hallucinations.
Two general symptoms listed in
Hydrogen also correspond to the general symptoms from the synthetic
recreational drug remedies. The two general symptoms include:
Desire: Sweets
Sleep: Sleeplessness (Scholten,
1996:78):
5.10
Comparison of other plant drug
remedies with the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
5.10.1
Remedies from the plant kingdom
Cannabis indica, Anhalonium lewinii,
Opium and Coca are classified as being organic plant ‘drug’ remedies. Each of
the above plant ‘drug’ remedies have certain common drug themes as well as
different themes compared to the synthetic recreational drug isolate group.
1) Cannabis indica has sensations
like other drug remedies of being absentminded, dreamy, with exaggerated senses
of sound and colour (Scholten, 1996:78). The feeling of joy is a common
sensation in many drug remedies, and also expressed in Cannabis indica.
However, the feeling of joy in Cannabis indica is expressed as floating freely
(Sankaran, 2002:726) as Cannabis indica has the main feelings of expanding and
feeling free. The opposite sensation of being heavy, dragged down and oppressed
(Sankaran, 2002:290) is also seen, which is not found in synthetic recreational
drug isolate group.
2) In Anhalonium lewenii, common
drug themes that can be seen are: strong out of body experiences, cosmic
experiences with shapes and colours and confusion of senses (Scholten,
1996:78). There is also a feeling of merging with one’s surroundings or feeling
of being one, similar to Hydrogen and LSD (Sankaran, 1997:9). However, in
Anhalonium lewinii, there is a main feeling of expansion and shrinking which is
not expressed in the synthetic recreational drug isolate group (Sankaran,
2002:290).
The feelings in Anhalonium lewinii
is of expansion of the whole being, and therefore, the feelings of joy are also
expressed as being expanding and boundless (Sankaran, 2005c:726).
3) In Opium, the main sensation is
of intense pain and suffering, which is not a main sensation in the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group. The compensatory reaction of by being
peaceful, serene and tranquil is however shared with the synthetic recreational
drug isolate group (Sankaran, 2002:290).
The feelings of joy in Opium can be expressed as being calm or steady,
where they can experience peace and avoid the pain and suffering (Sankaran,
2005c:726).
Heroinum and Opium share some common
themes such as painlessness, anxiety and increased sensitivity. However,
Heroinum has themes of confusion, shame, isolation and wanting to be carefree
(Snowdown, 2002).
4) Coca has beautiful visions,
spaced our feelings and feelings of isolation which can be seen in the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group. However, it is the only drug remedy
that has a keynote symptom of “Desire for Grandeur” and delusions of being a
great person (Sankaran, 1997:66).
5.10.2
Comparison with the Rubiaceae family
Some themes from the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group correspond with themes from the Rubiaceae
family. These include themes such as sleeplessness, desiring activity, the
passive reaction of dullness and a compensatory feeling of tranquillity
(Sankaran, 2002:474 - 475). However, the main sensation in the Rubiaceae family
is stimulation and they desire stimulation which is not expressed as a central
sensation in the synthetic recreational drug isolate group. Individuals
requiring a remedy from the Rubiaceae family will continuously generate ideas
in the mind and the person’s mind will be stimulated with more and more ideas.
These themes are not found in the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
(Sankaran, 2002:964).
5.10.3
Comparison of remedies from Papaveraceae
group with synthetic recreational drug isolate group
Comparison with the Piperaceae
family
Common themes from the Piperaceae
family that overlap with themes from the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group
include: feeling cheerful and excited, with a passive reaction of dullness
(Sankaran, 2005a:20). However, the main feeling in the Piperaceae family is the
desire for amusement because life is boring, dull and painful and they want to
be pleasurably amused, which is not the main sensation expressed in the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group (Sankaran, 2005c:965). The Piperaceae
family is also the only family with a sensitivity to pain and boredom, while
the Papaveraceae family has a sensitivity to only pain, not boredom (Sankaran,
2007b:1706).
5.10.4
Comparison of remedies from Papaveraceae
group with synthetic recreational drug isolate group
Comparison with the Papaveraceae
family
The synthetic recreational drug
isolate group has many features similar to the Papaveraceae family: an active
reaction of rage and violence; a passive reaction of fainting, analgesia and
numbness, the compensatory feeling of tranquillity and calmness
and the symptom of numbness
(Sankaran, 2005a:20). In the Papaveraceae family, they
desire no pain and want feelings of
pleasure to cut of the sensations of pain and suffering in their life. They
just need to anesthetize themselves from the outside (Sankaran, 2005c:965).
Recreational drugs are sometimes administered to anaesthetize the pain and
suffering in one’s life. However, the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
does not have a main theme of this intense suffering, pain and agony with
experiences of death and dying as in the Papaveraceae family (Sankaran,
2005c:698). The Papaveraceae family also has no desire for stimulation as in
the Rubiaceae family or to divert themselves from boredom as in the Piperaceae
family.
5.11
Comparison of remedies from Aves group with
synthetic recreational drug isolate group
Comparison with the animal kingdom:
Class Aves
Some themes from the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group overlap with themes from Class Aves. Some of
the common themes shared are: euphoria, elation, joy, detachment and the
numerous delusions. The delusions in Class Aves involves the perception of
themselves being separated, as well as being pursued, which is also a
common delusion in the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group. However, the Class Aves has a common delusion
of body parts being enlarged or separated, which is not established in the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group.
The theme of detachment in the
synthetic recreational drug isolate
group is expressed mainly on the mental sphere, but it is not a main theme
which is present on every level like in the bird remedies. The joy and elation
in bird remedies is also expressed more from a sensation of lightness
and freedom, which is not the issue
in synthetic recreational drug isolate group (Harkhu, 164
2011:91 - 92).
Other common themes shared, as
proposed by Shore (2004) and Fraser (2009) in Class Aves are: issues of
disorientation, appetite, spiritual awareness, clairvoyance and restlessness.
Class Aves can be differentiated
from the synthetic recreational drug isolate group by the Class Aves animal
characteristics such as the desire for and/or sensation of biting, feelings of
freedom, emptiness, vacancy, floating, lightness, restriction/cramping/
constriction, and swelling and enlargement of parts (Harkhu, 2011:70 - 71).
5.12
AIDS Miasm and the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group
In chapter 4, it was seen that
specific synthetic recreational drug isolate remedies (MDMA
and LSD) produced certain AIDS
miasmatic features. Similarly, the synthetic recreational drug isolate group as
an entirety also share a few similarities with the AIDS miasm.
Certain sensations and reactions
from the
synthetic recreational drug isolate
group overlap with themes from the AIDS miasm.
The main sensations derived from the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group were:
anxiety, restlessness, fear,
excitement, dryness, indifference and isolation.
The theme of vulnerability in the
AIDS miasm incorporates sensations such as fear, anxiety, anger, rage, and
violence, where rage and violence were active reactions of the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group.
The passive reaction of numbness and
the sensation of indifference in the synthetic recreational drug isolate group
corresponded to the themes of indifference and a lack of feelings/emotions in
the AIDS miasm.
The feeling of isolation is also
linked to the main theme of disconnection and isolation in
the AIDS miasm. The AIDS miasm also
has the theme of dispersion, which explores the subject of thirst, water and
dryness. Dryness was a prominent sensation of the synthetic recreational drug
isolate group, as this sensation was seen on the mental, physical and general
levels.
Table 9: Common themes between the
AIDS miasm and synthetic recreational drug isolate
remedy group
5.13
AIDS miasm and related remedies
According to the Fraser, the AIDS
miasmatic picture corresponds to remedies from Class insecta, Class Aves, Lacs
of mammals, drug remedies, certain remedies from the mineral and vegetable
kingdom, sea remedies and the AIDS nosode (Fraser, 2002:54 - 59). Remedies from
the drug family include traditional drug remedies such as Coffea cruda, Opium,
Agaricus muscarius, Cannabis indica, Anhalonium lewenii, to recent
remedies such as MDMA, LSD 25 and
Heroinum
(Fraser, 2002:122). Fraser proposes
AIDS miasm
themes Synthetic recreational drug
isolate remedy group
Fear, anxiety, rage, anger, violence
Fear, anxiety, rage, anger and
violence were
active reactions of the synthetic
recreational
drug isolate group.
Indifference/Lack of feelings emotion Numbness and the sensation of indifference in the synthetic recreational
drug isolate group were the passive reactions.
Isolation/disconnection/separation
One of the common delusion of the
synthetic
recreational drug isolate group was
separation
Dispersion - water, thirst, dryness
Dryness was a prominent sensation of
the
synthetic recreational drug isolate
group, as
this sensation was seen on t he
mental,
physical and general levels.
that the different remedies share
similar themes of the AIDS miasm. However, the remedies can differentiated
according to the characteristics of the kingdom or group they belong to, particular
themes, issues and the individual remedy characteristics (Fraser, 2002:48).
5.13.1
Drug and bird remedies
Drug abuse has become a major issue
as it closely meets the overpowering needs of many individuals (Fraser,
2002:55). The themes of isolation, secrecy, feeling of numbness and
disconnection from the pain of modern existence often relate to the issues of a
person in an AIDS miasmatic and disease state. AIDS has also been associated
with drug abuse (intravenous use of drugs), as it is one mode
of transmitting the virus (Fraser,
2002: 124).
According to Fraser (2002:54),
remedies from Class Aves have a strong connection to the AIDS miasm as birds
are able to live freely without any restrictions or boundaries, and they are
able to move, free of the constraints of the earth (Fraser, 2009:95).
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Due to the paucity of comprehensive
material medica, repertory, provings and clinical information of the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group, the researcher aimed to extract and evaluate
common themes and symptomatology that manifested in the homoeopathic
remedies belonging to the synthetic
recreational drug isolate group.
Conducting this study extracted and
clarified the common sensations and characteristics of the group. The extracted
and analyzed data was also able to demonstrate a clear picture of the
similarities in the synthetic recreational drug isolate group as a whole.
This was accomplished by applying
Sankaran’s methodology and analysis to the synthetic recreational drug isolate
group. Therefore, this research has shown that Sankaran’s methodology of group
analysis can be applied to related remedies, as they share common
characteristics that define them as a group.
6.1
Group analysis approach to
homoeopathy
In current times where scientific
processes do minate, it is crucial to develop a more systematic methodology and
approach to homoeopathy. Theories also need to be
explored to the highest level before
being recognized or disapproved. Then only can a profession progress closer to
mainstream science.
The outcome of this study has
confirmed the applicability of Sankaran’s group analysis methodology to the
synthetic recreational drug isolate group. Therefore, group analysis
has proved to be an example of a
systematic process.
It is imperative that when applying
the group analysis methodology to a specific group, it must be correctly and
carefully applied to avoid producing misleading and false interpretation of
information.
Vorwort/Suchen Zeichen/Abkürzungen Impressum