Oleum
jecoris aselli Anhang
x!y
[Sally Fallon/Mary G. Enig, PhD]
Once a standard supplement in traditional European societies, cod liver
oil provides fat-soluble vitamins A and D, which Dr. Price found present in the
diet of primitives in amounts 10x higher than in modernized diets.
Cod liver oil supplements are a must for women and their male partners,
to be taken for several months before conception, and for women during
pregnancy. Growing children will also benefit greatly from a small daily dose.
Cod liver oil is also rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and
docasahexaenoic acid (DHA). The body makes these fatty acids from omega-3
linolenic acid. EPA is as an important link in the chain of fatty acids that
ultimately results in prostaglandins, localized tissue hormones while DHA is
very important for the proper function of the brain and nervous system. Those
individuals who have consumed large amounts of polyunsaturated oils (partially
hydrogenated oils), who are suffering from certain nutrient deficiencies, or
who have impaired pancreatic function, such as diabetics, may not be able to
produce EPA and DHA and will, therefore, lack important prostaglandins and
necessary fats for the brain unless they consume oily fish or take a cod liver
oil supplement.
Buy cod liver oil in dark bottles and store in a cool, dark, dry place.
Please read Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and Cod Liver Oil: Some Clarifications below
for amounts to give to adults and children and for recommended brands.
Cod liver oil is easy to take when stirred into a small amount of water
or fresh juice.
Dr. Price always gave cod liver oil along with high-vitamin butter oil,
extracted by centrifuge from good quality spring or fall butter. He found that
cod liver oil on its own was relatively ineffective but combined with high vitamin
butter oil produced excellent results. The butter oil contains what he called
Activator X, now considered to be vitamin K2, which works synergistically with
vitamins A and D (see Chris Masterjohn's article "On the Trail of the
Elusive X Factor: A Sixty-Year Old Mystery Finally Solved"). Your diet
should include sources of vitamin K, such as good quality butter from grass-fed
cows +/o. high-vitamin butter oil, fat from grass-fed animals, cheeses from
grass-fed animals and duck or goose liver, along with cod liver oil.
Vitamin A Dosage
We have pointed out that concerns about vitamin A toxicity are
exaggerated. While some forms of synthetic vitamin A found in supplements can
be toxic at only moderately high doses, fat-soluble vitamin A naturally found in
foods like cod liver oil, liver, and butterfat is safe at up to 10x the doses
of water-soluble, solidified and emulsified vitamin A found in some supplements
that produce toxicity. Additionally, the vitamin D found in cod liver oil and
butterfat from pasture-raised animals protects against vitamin A toxicity, and
allows one to consume a much higher amount of vitamin A before it becomes
toxic. Liver from land mammals is high in vitamin A but low in vitamin D, and
should therefore be consumed with other vitamin D-rich foods such as lard or
bacon from pasture-raised pigs, egg yolks, and oily fish, or during months in
which UV-B light is sufficient to provide one with adequate vitamin D.
As a general guideline, we recommend the following doses of vitamin A from
cod liver oil, along with a nutrient-dense diet that contains other vitamin
A-rich foods:
Children age 3 months to 12 years: A dose of cod liver oil that provides
about 5000 IU vitamin A daily, obtained from about 1 teaspoon of regular cod
liver oil or ½ teaspoon of high-vitamin cod liver oil.
Children over 12 years and adults: A maintenance dose of cod liver oil
that provides about 10,000 IU vitamin A daily, obtained from 2 teaspoons of
regular cod liver oil or 1 teaspoon of high-vitamin cod liver oil.
Pregnant and nursing women: A dose of cod liver oil that provides about
20,000 IU vitamin A daily, obtained from 4 teaspoons regular cod liver oil or 2
teaspoons high-vitamin cod liver oil.
Please note that these recommended doses are 2 – 5x greater than the
U.S. RDA for children, 4x greater than the U.S. RDA for adults and 8x greater
than the U.S. RDA for pregnant women. The RDA values are based on studies
conducted in the general population, which is now recognized to be largely
deficient in vitamin D. For a discussion of studies showing that vitamin A
consumption up to 30,000 IU per day by pregnant women does not result in a
greater risk of birth defects, see Vitamin A for foetal development. This
article also describes the vital role played by vitamin A in the development of
the foetus. Pregnant women may wish to consult their health practitioner about
taking cod liver oil during pregnancy.
Individuals under stress or wishing to use cod liver oil to treat a
disease condition may take much larger doses, even up to doses providing 90,000
IU vitamin A daily, for a period of several weeks.
Vitamin D Dosage
Our recommended brands of cod liver oil (see below) will provide with
the above recommended dosages for cod liver oil about 500-1000 IU vitamin D for
children, 1000-2000 IU vitamin D for adults,
2000-4000 IU vitamin D for pregnant and nursing women and up to
9000-18,000 IU for those taking large amounts of cod liver oil to deal with
stress and disease.
In 1997, the Food and Nutrition Board of the US Institute of Medicine
set the tolerable upper intake level (TUIL) for vitamin D at 2000 IU per day.
However, the vitamin D content experts on the Upper Limits Panel objected to
this limit, and several prominent vitamin D researchers have called for an
upward revision of the limit. Experiments show that even during the winter with
a low vitamin D intake, humans will exhaust stores of vitamin D at a rate of
3000-4000 IU per day, an amount that many people require to maintain optimal
levels of the vitamin in the blood. Extensive exposure to summer sun at mid
latitudes naturally produces levels of vitamin D in the blood equivalent to
what is attained by supplementing with a continued daily dose of 10,000 IU,
suggesting humans are designed to tolerate such large amounts of vitamin D.
If you are a lifeguard or spend a lot of time in the sun, you do not
need to take supplemental vitamin D; however you still need to consume adequate
vitamin A. Animal studies show that even moderate amounts of vitamin D increase
the body's need for vitamin A, whether the vitamin D is provided in the diet or
by UV light (2,5). So, if you cut back or eliminate cod liver oil in the
summer, be sure to consume plenty of oily fish, liver, butterfat and egg yolks
from grass-fed hens to ensure adequate vitamin A.
For a discussion of Vitamin D Toxicity, see
http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/vitaminDToxicity.shtml
This does not mean we do not recommend that some individuals have their
vitamin D levels tested. Such testing can be very useful in determining vitamin
D status and the effectiveness of cod liver oil or vitamin D supplements.
Optimal serum vitamin D levels should be in the range of 30-50 ng/mL (see
discussion at [link "Potential Dangers of Vitamin D, page 24 of Spring
2009]).
Brand Recommendations - Updated 2012
Most brands of cod liver oil go through a process that removes all of
the natural vitamins. The resultant product contains very low levels of vitamin
A and virtually no vitamin D. Some manufacturers add manufactured vitamins A
and D to the purified cod liver oil and until recently, one manufacturer added
the natural vitamins removed during processing back into the cod liver oil.
Fortunately, we now have available in the U.S. a naturally produced, unheated,
fermented high-vitamin cod liver oil that is made using a filtering process
that retains the natural vitamins.
The high-vitamin fermented cod liver oil is sold as a food so does not
contain vitamin levels on the label. However, after numerous tests, the
approximate values of A and D have been ascertained at 1900 IU vitamin A per ml
and 390 IU vitamin D per ml. Thus 1 teaspoon of high-vitamin fermented cod
liver oil contains 9500 IU vitamin A and 1950 IU vitamin D, a ratio of about
5:1.
Based on these values, the dosage for the high-vitamin fermented cod
liver oil is provided as follows:
Children age 3 months to 12
years: 1/2 teaspoon or 2.5 ml, providing 4650 IU vitamin A and 975 IU vitamin
D.
Children over 12 years and
adults: 1 teaspoon or 10 capsules, providing 9500 IU vitamin A and 1950 IU
vitamin D.
Pregnant and nursing women: 2
teaspoons or 20 capsules, providing 19,000 IU vitamin A and 3900 IU vitamin D.
Please note that the fermented cod liver oil contains many co-factors
that may enhance the body's uptake and usage of vitamins A and D; in fact, many
have reported results equivalent to those obtained from high-vitamin cod liver
oil with half the recommended dose, that is ¼ teaspoon or 1.25 mL for children
age 3 months to 12 years; ½ teaspoon or 5 capsules for children over 12 years
and adults; and
1 teaspoon or 10 capsules for pregnant and nursing women.
As of Spring, 2009, we recommend the following brands of cod liver oil.
Sources of high-vitamin fermented cod liver oil and high-vitamin cod liver oil
with natural vitamins added are in the BEST category; sources of processed cod
liver oil with synthetic vitamins in the right proportions are in the GOOD
category. We do not recommend brands of cod liver oil that have only low levels
of vitamins A and D.
In Europe
BEST:
Natural Food Finder:
naturalfoodfinder.co.uk/products carries Blue Ice High-Vitamin Fermented Cod
Liver Oil, biokult, raw honey, coconut oil, high vitamin butter oil
Red23: red23.co.uk carries
Blue Ice High-Vitamin Fermented Cod Liver Oil
Q Naturals Webstore - Blue Ice
Fermented Cod Liver and High Vitamin Butter Oil www.qnaturals.nl
GOOD:
Healthspan Ltd., 0800 73 123
77, healthspan.co.uk
Goldshield, goldshield.co.uk
Vorwort/Suchen Zeichen/Abkürzungen Impressum