Urolophus
halleri (Urol-h) =
Round Stingray
Vergleich: Gymnura natalensis (= Stingray).
Comparison. Sepia + Urolophus halleri
Siehe: Meeresgruppe
= Sep. - ähnlich;
Vergiftung: Local trauma (from the cut itself):
1. Pain/swelling/muscle cramps from the venom, 2. possible later infection from
bacteria. Poisoning/punctures/severed arteries.
Sometimes death; Pain (can last up to 48 hours)/= most severe in the
first 30 – 60 min./may be accompanied by nausea/fatigue/headaches/fever/chills;
Stingray venom: Low concentrations cause EKG changes of increased PR
intervals associated with bradycardia. First degree AV block may occur with
mild hypotension.
Larger doses produce vasoconstriction, 2nd and 3rd degree AV block and
signs of cardiac ischemia. Most cardiac changes are reversible within 24 hours.
Some degree of
respiratory depression is also noted and convulsions may also occur.
A. Localized effects: The pain is
immediate and severe, increasing over 1-2 hours and easing after 6-10 hours.
Pain is constant, pulsating or lancinating. Bleeding may be profuse. The area
is quite swollen and pale with a bluish rim, centimeters in width, spreading
around the wound after an hour. Local necrosis, ulceration and secondary
infection are common. Osteomyelitis can occur and amputation has been known to
be necessary.
B. Generalized Effects: venom
associated with anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, frequent urination and
salivation. There may be ext. of pain to the area of lymphatic drainage.
Muscular cramps, tremors, paralysis of the affected limb, fainting,
palpitations, hypotension, heart rate irregularities, difficulty breathing,
cough, pain on inspiration; fever at night with copious sweating, nervous,
confusion or delirium are also known to occur. Symptoms may persist for weeks
to months after an injury including a dull ache and swelling which is better on
elevation. Fatalities occur either immediately or within 2 weeks if the spine
punctures important body cavities;
Hops Bush (Acacia dodonaeifolia, a.k.a. hop leaved wattle, sticky wattle
and the hop bush wattle)
Grows across Australia.
In Queensland the juice of the root was applied for toothache and cuts.
The chewed leaf and
juice were put on stonefish and stingray stings and bound up for four or five
days.
[Marjorie Blackie]
Sallow, usually dark and they have rather heavy rings around their eyes.
Look tired, are chilly, yet at the same time cannot stand a stuffy room.
Sensitive to all weather change,
but as a rule can stand real heat. Again, they tell you of their need to
sleep, how many hours they need, how they must have it or else they are no good
at all.
They get a slight headache as with Medus., like a Sepia headache, but
even duller. It usually starts in the morning, strangely enough is usually >
evening, and < noise or jarring,
rather like Sepia although to a much lesser degree. One of these
patients, the best case I had seen, was a dark, tall, rather tired looking man
who used to faint if he had to stand
for long. He found it humiliating when he had fainted at two cocktail
parties where he had to stand for a long time. He asked if I would give him
something to stop him doing
that. He had a headache and said that when it came it lasted more or
less all day but was always better in the evening. These patients also tend to
be a bit sensitive to tobacco
smoke and I think that this is why he had fainted.
In one year, just after using Sting Ray the first time, I had two
soldiers who fainted continually (standing for an injection). Both of them had
fainted half a dozen times each
within the last so many weeks. They had had a lot of injections and had
had to stand for rather long. One of them had taken part in the Queen’s
birthday parade and had fainted. He had been held up between two other soldiers
who had held him on his feet until he came round again, but he felt frightful.
Both these men did well on Sting Ray and neither of them ever fainted again.
I never inject a man standing up. Although I can inject any number of
women standing up, I find I can get a man who faints and feel that they are
safer sitting down.
In women, you think the patient must be Sepia. They come in looking pale
and drugged and very tired, with rather dark rings. You think they are going to
be Sepia, but their
chief complaint is of lower backache and gradually they tell you (and
Sepia of course also tells you) that it always improves if walking about. A
Sepia backache goes if the patient walks about. With Sting Ray it does not come
back, but in Sepia it always comes back when they sit.
This type of patient also gets quite a lot of palpitation, the men as
well as the women. If the men have a tendency to faint, they think their
palpitation has something to do with it.
The woman gets palpitation quite a lot but forgets it again she walking.
The history is typically that if she gets bad palpitation, and has to go out
because she has a very busy morning, by the time she comes back form shopping
it is gone, which surprises her very much but which is a good symptom.
They are rather tired-out patients, but in no way so despairing or such
martyrs as Sepia. Sepia can be real martyrs if they go on getting tired out and
have a lot to worry them
(when they have to look after various members of the family and will not
accept any help that is offered to them). Sting Ray patients are much less like
this, but they do get
rather hopeless.
Stearns gives these indications for Stingray [Hom. Recorder Jan. 1937]:
Two cases of boils on the nape were cured by high potencies of the
sting-ray; the relief from pain occurred within a half-hour and resolution was
well advanced in 24 hours.
A case of gall-bladder infection was quickly relieved of distress and
all symptoms cleared up within 3 days. Where, in boils, indications are not
plain for any remedy, one is
justified in giving Stingray.
[Tod Rowe]
Biology :
The round stingray has a nearly circular disc-shaped body with a tail
that is shorter than the length of the disc. The snout of this ray terminates
in a rounded point. The prominent pectoral fins ("wings") are
rounded. Dorsal fins are absent, however the rounded caudal fin is present in
contrast to many other rays that lack this feature. A long venomous spine is
located approximately halfway down the length of the tail. There are six
species of rays that live in waters off California that possess venomous spines
on their tails. The round stingray can be identified by its true tail fin which
the other species lack. These other species instead have either a whip-like
tail or a short tail with no fin. The Cortez stingray (Urolophus maculatus) is
similar to the round stingray, however the dark blotches on each side of its
disc can distinguish it. The thornback (Platyrhinoidis triseriatea) can be
distinguished by the presence of two dorsal fins and the three rows of
tubercles along the back of adult individuals while the Pacific electric ray
(Torpedo californica) can be distinguished by its two dorsal fins and lack of a
venomous spine on the tail
Geographical Distribution
The round stingray is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Eureka in
northern California (U.S.) south to Panama Bay, Panama. It is most abundant
south of Point Conception, California.
Habitat
Similar to other species of rays, the round stingray lives in sandy and
muddy bottoms in relatively shallow waters off beaches as well as in bays,
channels, and inlets. It has also been observed swimming around rocky reef
structures. This ray occurs to depths from the surface to 300 feet (91 m),
however it is primarily found in waters less than 50 feet (15 m) in depth. It
often lies motionless in the sand, exposing only its eyes. Observations indicate
that round stingrays segregate by age and sex, with females residing in deeper
water while males and juveniles occupy shallower habitats.
Coloration
The round stingray is grayish brown, either plain, mottled, or spotted
with dark blotches, on the dorsal surface, fading to a pale yellow, orange, or
white underside. · Denticles This ray has a smooth skin, lacking the tubercles
often found on other species.·Size, Age, and Growth The maximum size reported
for the round stingray is 22.8 inches (58.0 cm) total length while the maximum
published weight is just under 3 pounds (1,360 g). The average disc width of
the round stingray is 3-10 inches (8-25 cm). Sexual maturity is reached between
2.6 and 3 years of age which correlates to a disc width of 5.7 inches (14.6
cm). The life expectancy is believed to be about 8 years.
Food Habits
Adult round stingrays feed primarily on benthic invertebrates such as
stomatopods, amphipods, shrimp, and portunid crabs, and to a smaller extent, on
polychaete worms and small fishes. They rely on olfaction and vision in the
search for prey items. This ray has been observed to scoop out large holes in
the muddy or sandy bottom by "waving" its pectoral fins and rostrum.
This action serves to expose any buried worms, crabs or small fish. Feeding
occurs continuously throughout daylight hours. Juvenile round stingrays feed on
polychaetes, crustaceans, and nemerteans. ·
Reproduction
Mating of round stingrays has been documented during the winter months
of January through March in the Sea of Cortez. During the mating season,
solitary males search for females using visual and electrosensory cues. An
interesting scientific finding is that reproductively mature females emit
localized positive electric fields from near the spiracles behind each eye.
This attracts males and mating behavior ensues. Males often bite the posterior
of the females' discs. The females often escape, resulting in failure of
copulation. However, when a male bites the anterior portion of the female's
disc, the female does not attempt to free herself. This biting behavior
functions to maintain contact between the pair during copulation.
Development of the round stingray is ovoviviparous, resulting in live
birth. After a gestation period of approximately 3 months, a litter of 3-6
young are born in shallow waters. Each newborn measures 2.5-3.1 inches (6.3-8.0
cm) disc width. The young rays will remain in shallow habitats, which provide
rich feeding grounds as well as protection from predators, until they are large
enough to move out into deeper water. One known nursery area for the round
stingray is Newport Dunes in southern California.
Predators of the round stingray in its northern range include the
northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and the black sea bass (Stereolepis
gigas). Other potential predators of this ray include large carnivorous fishes
including sharks.· Parasites There are numerous parasites reported from the
round stingray including approximately 19 families and 40 species are found on
or in the round stingray. The most obvious parasites are those living on the
outside of the ray's body, also known as ectoparasites. These ectoparasites
include copepods and leeches. Sixteen species of parasitic tapeworms have been
documented from the digestive system of the round stingray. A cestode,
Phyllobothrium hallericola n. sp., was documented from the spiral valve
intestine of two round stingrays from the Sea of Cortez. Another cestode that
has been reported from this stingray is Acanthobothrium olseni. Other parasites
found in the spiral valve of the intestine include Eimeria chollaensis sp. nov.
(Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) and Rhinebothrium spp. (Tetraphyllidea:
Phyllobothriidae).
Stingray Proving Themes
1. Confusion/forgetfulness/poor memory:
2. Suspiciousness/betrayal/injustice/humiliation:
3. Disconnected/disintegration:
4. Ex boyfriends/Old acquaintances:
5. Alone:
6. Confusion between dream and reality:
7. Psychic abilities:
8. Floating/Flying:
9. Sexuality:
10. Weddings/Reunions:
11. Motherhood:
12. Home/homelessness:
13. Animals:
14. Water:
15. Explosive violence:
16. Shabby:
17. Lost:
18. Lots of money
19. Three
Stingray Summary
One of the central feelings that arose from the proving was that of
betrayal. This came up mostly in the form of relationships. The reaction to
this is one of suspiciousness,
the feeling of injustice and even violence.
One prover described it as “I hear from an old boyfriend -my first love-
he comes to see me and I meet him in an Italian restaurant - immediately all the
love I felt for him and the passion develops all over again - I tell him that
and try to kiss him and he puts me off - he is not interested - I get very
upset and tell him I don’t want to lose him again - again I plead with him not
to go - I felt totally closed out and abandoned - he is very cold and this
makes me even more desperate - I am churning inside, begging him to stay - I
feel as if every atom of me will fly away and shatter me into pieces - I become
enraged, take an axe and kill him - I shatter him into blood pieces - I am
overcome with rage and want to go after his mother and girlfriend“.
With the violence there was no feeling. One prover had a dream in which
“two men tried to rape me and I killed them with a broom - there was no
feeling“. This relates to
the feeling of disconnection in the proving.
There was a dilemma between nurturing and connection versus betrayal.
One prover dreamt that she was in a classroom with a bear and the teacher and
other students were animals – the teacher was at first nurturing but then
became impatient and angry.
There was strong disinterest in others followed by great interest in old
boyfriends who suddenly became very important. One prover described a dream
where “I made several phone calls to an old boyfriend in England - I press for
some kind of response and he says I wonder how it is that you weren’t
interested in hearing from me in 20 years and now you can’t wait to get a call
or letter“.
The theme of reunions and weddings was quite strong. It recalls the
female stingray who separates from the males for most of the year and lives a
solitary existence.
She returns to mate briefly on an annual basis. The reunions for
stingrays are only for sexual purposes. The weddings in the provings were not
going smoothly - there was a quality of shabbiness.
One prover had a dream where her daughter was sexually tortured on her
wedding night.
The theme of betrayal also arises around theft. This was best
illustrated by one prover who had something stolen and said “stealing makes
your heart dirty“.
The theme of sexuality was also quite strong. This is a typical theme of
animal remedies. The sexuality in this remedy was focused around illicit sex
and homosexuality.
There was also confusion about sexuality.
In addition, there was a strong theme of rape. Provers saw sexuality as
torture in several dreams. The female stingray is often abused with many scars
by the male stingray.
The reverse side of this came out in one male prover who saw women as
very powerful and in control of everything. The theme of water, floating and
flying recalls the motion and movement of the stingray. Stingrays are known for
leaping out of the water, an image that came up in several of the dreams. In
addition, the image of babies floating in the water is consonant with the
reproductive cycle of the animal.
The theme of disconnection was strong. This is similar to the remedy
Sepia, although the disintegration goes beyond this recalling Baptisia. This
also took on the form of confusion.
In one prover, the confusion was strong, that she tried to end the
proving early because her dreams felt too real.
The motherhood theme was strong. For several provers they noted that
they felt pregnant during the proving but without any emotion about it. Several
provers described birthing babies in their dreams and the wish to cocoon in a
safe warm place. There was also a wish to care for others babies.
It may be useful in fibromyalgia coupled with fatigue. One prover had a
substantial improvement in her fibromyalgia. This continued at the six month
follow up. Another prover had chronic nightmares with spirits being after her
of being lost in her house which resolved with the proving. At a six month
follow up this symptom remained cured.
There is a focus on the physical level with back problems. Marjorie
Blackie notes that Stingray back problems improves with walking about and now
worse with sitting.
Faintness, palpitations, dull headaches and fatigue were also symptoms
that came up in the proving and substantiated my Marjorie Blackie’s work.
One of the strongest areas effected during the proving was the throat
(pain/constriction). This is true of many of the ocean remedies. There was also
a strong tendency towards diarrhea (around 5 h.).
There was much insomnia in the proving and several cures of chronic
insomnia. Itching was a strong general characteristic. Then tend to be chilly,
although with flushes of heat.
Stingray can be compared to Sepia, and other ocean remedies. The disconnection,
rape themes and psychic abilities all recall Sepia. Many of the physical and
general rubrics also contain the remedy Sepia;
Repertorium: [Todd Rowe]
Gemüt: Angst (anfallsweise)/Furcht (etwas werde geschehen/vor Schlangen)
Argwöhnisch, misstrauisch
Faul
Gedächtnisschwäche (für Eigennamen)
Gedanken - gewalttätig/unangenehm
Gesellschaft abgeneigt
Gleichgültig, Apathie (gegen andere Personen)
Hast, Eile/Ungeduld
Hellsehen
Konzentration schwierig
Langsam
Milde (erwachend)
Reizbar, gereizt (nachmittags)
Ruhelos
Schreit (im Schlaf)
Mangel an Selbstvertrauen
Spricht mit sich selbst
Stumpf (morgens)
Tadelsüchtig, krittelig
„Wie im Traum“
Traurig (erwachend)
Vergesslich (geht weg und lässt den Einkauf liegen/vergisst bekannte Straßen)
Verwirrt geistig (abends/erwachend/verläuft sich in bekannten Straßen)
Wahnideen [würde nicht anerkannt, geschätzt/sei durchsichtig/schwebt (in der Luft)/Teil des Körpers spricht mit einem anderen/verfolgt zu werden
(wegen der Haltung, Einstellung etc.)/sei verloren/sei verraten worden]
Schwindel: < Aufstehen
Kopf drehen o. Bewegen
Kopf: Schmerz [morgens (erwachend)/nachmittags/abends/nachts (nach Mitternacht - 3 h)/dumpf/pulsierend/in Stirn]
Völlegefühl (morgens)
Auge: rot (morgens/abends)
Jucken
Schmerz in Lider (brennend)
Sehen: Verschwommen (morgens)
Ohr: Geräusche im Ohr, Ohrgeräusche - Klingeln/synchron mit dem Puls
Schmerz r./l./Wehtun
„Wie verstopft“
Nase: Katarrh (morgens)
Nasenbluten morgens
Niesen - tagsüber/morgens
Verstopft # Absonderung
Gesicht: Hautausschläge - Akne/Herpes um Lippen/auf Stirn
Mund: Aphthen
Innerer Hals: Angst und Befürchtungen im Hals
„Wie Klumpen“ (< Schlucken)
scharfes Kratzen
Schmerz (r./morgens/nach Aufstoßen/< Einatmen/< kalte Getränke/> warme Getränke/stechend/wund schmerzend)
„Wie geschwollen“
Äußerer Hals: Geschwollene Halsdrüsen
Magen: Appetit vermindert
Durst nachts/DURST
„Wie was Lebendigem darin“
Pulsieren/Rumoren (abends)
Übel < Hustend
Bauch: Auftreibung (abends)/Rumoren, Kollern (< Bewegung)
Schmerz nach Mitternacht (krampfartig)
> nach vorne Beugen (krampfartig)/krampfartig
Rektum: Durchfall (morgens/nach Mitternacht - 4 h - 5 h)
Flatus (bei Durchfall/nach dem Mittagessen)
Unwillkürlicher Stuhl < Abgang von Flatus
Urin: reicht kräftig
Männliche Genitalien: Sexverlangen vermehrt
Weibliche Genitalien: Menses reichlich
Orgasmus nachts
Schmerz in Uterus und Uterusregion nachts < im Bett (abwärtsdrängend, zerrend)
Sexverlangen vermehrt/vermindert
Husten: Morgens (6 - 9 h)/nachts (22 - 6 h)
Bellend/heftig
Heiser/trocken
Brust: Herzklopfen
Schmerz in Mammae („Als ob Milch erscheint“)
Rücken: Schmerz morgens (erwachend/> Liegen/< vor Menses/Wehtun/erstr. Beine/erstr. Hüfte/in Dorsal - /Lumbalregion (morgens)
Glieder: Gefühllos, taub < im Schlaf
Hautausschläge an Hände
Jucken (Hände/Knöchel/Unterarme)
Ruhelose Füße nachts
Schmerz in Füße (schneidend/wund schmerzend/erstr. Zehen)/in Handgelenke (Wehtun)/in Zehen abends (stechend)
Geschwollene Füße/Knöchel
Spannung in Schultern
Zucken in Oberarme
Schlaf: Erwacht nach Mitternacht - 2 h - 4 h/zu früh
Ruhelos
Schlaflos durch Sorgen
Träume: Erotisch/alter Freund/Hochzeit/Männer/Menschen, die er seit Jahren nicht gesehen hat/Mord/Reisen/zu Schweben/Tiere/Wasser
Schweiß: Nachts (22 - 6 h)
Reichlich
Allgemeines: Periodisch/vormittags (9 - 12 h) - 9 h/nachmittags (13 - 18 h)/nach Mitternacht - 3 h
„Wie Glucksen, Blubbern“
„Wie Hitze“/Hitzewallungen/Lebenswärmemangel
Tendenz zur Ohnmacht (morgens)
Speisen und Getränke: Abgeneigt: Fleisch; Verlangt: Fleisch/Gemüse/Obst/Süßigkeiten/Zimt;
Müde (morgens/nachmittags)
Allerlei:
Ulysses said to have died from a spear tipped with a stingray spine.
Captain John Smith, explorer and founder of the first english settlement
at
but survived to eat the ray.
Urol-h. is a bottom dweller/body often submerged in sand and only
detectable by an eye or two. There can be a sudden swirl of sand and the ray
elegantly flies away,
sometimes very fast with wings gently flapping. They will sometimes swim
with divers and generally are quite gentle.
Its tail is shorter than its length. There are no dorsal fins. Its back
is smooth. The color is variable but often plain brown with yellow spots and
vermiculations.
Its average length is 13 cm at birth. It grows to a maximum length of 56
cm.
Its habitat is from Northern California to
Typically there are 1 - 6 young per litter. Females aggregate in deeper
offshore areas than males. They move into the shallows to mate in late winter.
They give birth in 2 - 3 months.
The males grasp female by the disc margin and flip under her and insert
a single clasper. Mating lasts about five minutes. The rays are
ovoviviparous-the lining of the uterus exudes milk during pregnancy to aid in
nourishing the developing embryo.
Their preferred diet consists of worms, bivalves and crustaceans. The
adults bite off the extended siphons of certain bivalves (clams), protruding
from the sand or mud.
They also crush thin and moderately thick shelled clams. They dig large
holes in the mud looking for prey and forage during the day. They are a type of
ambush predator.
They remain motionless and let their prey amble into striking range.
Stingrays part of order Elasmobranchs (sharks and rays). All
elasmobranchs are carnivorous. Many are scavengers and have been referred to as
the garbage disposals
of the ocean.
Courtship and mating in elasmobranchs is behaviorally complex and
anything but tender. The male assesses the females reproductive condition by
sampling chemical signals. The male bites the female prior to, and often during
copulation. This helps to hold the female to ensure successful copulation.
Males can spend considerable energy trying
to mate with reluctant females. Unreceptive females will stab males who
grasp their fin margin with their tail sting. Persistence is a necessary
attribute for courtship.
When a female is receptive, the pair swims parallel to one another. As
the male holds the females fin margin in his mouth, he will lift her disc,
pivot underneath her, and
insert a single clasper. Sometimes several males on the scene will
attempt to dislodge the successful male. During the mating phase, females spend
the morning buried in the shallows often in groups or lie side by side and on
top of one another and form large aggregations called piles. Buried females are
apparently trying to avoid amorous males. The whole reproductive phase lasts
several weeks. Females are noted to mate with many males. Females can die from
the wounds and fatigue of courtship.
Most of the year, round stingrays segregate themselves by sex-the
females occupying deeper water than males. In late winter and spring, the
females move into the more shallow water occupied by males. Several months
later the return to give birth. Males often charge, nip and bite each other
during the mating season. Mature females often have bite wounds from males.
The eggs are retained in the oviducts where they hatch, usually from a
thin membranous eggcase and remain until the young are full developed. The
embryo absorbs the
yolk early in development and then relies on nutrient rich secretions
from the uterine lining. Females will nudge their abdomens against objects to
assist in giving birth.
Manta rays will leap from the water and give birth when they impact the
surface.
Most stingrays are solitary and do not travel in schools. They only
congregate during mating season.
Generally rays are non aggressive. Males are only aggressive during the
mating season. They do protect themselves when stepped on or intruded upon.
Round stingrays
can raise their tails and sting above their head in a scorpion like
fashion when approached by a potential predator. They either produce a sword
like laceration or they drive
the spine into the limb (most commonly the ankle). Extraction of the saw
shaped spine is very difficult due to the serrations and retropointed barbs.
Local injury causes damaged tissue with haemorrhage and death of the muscle
within the hour and extends for an inch or more around the injury. Death can
occur from penetration of body cavities or from the venom or both. There
average 1500 sting ray injuries in the USA per year. The round stingray is
responsible for many stings to humans along the
Vorwort/Suchen Zeichen/Abkürzungen Impressum