Staphylococcinum (Staphycoc) = Staphylokokkeneiter/= sterilisierte Bakterienkultur von Staphylococcus epidermis
After-effects of Common Infection
The staphylococcus bacterium thrives in circumstances of debility from overwork,
anxiety, poor nutrition, constitutional weakness. Affinity for the
endocardium.Staphylococcal is the chief
bacterial factor in acne, abscess, furuncle; empyema, endocarditis. Micro-organism responsible for
producing a superficial cellulitis, in association with an open wound (Beers
and Berkow, 1999).
S. aureus, which is present in the nose and on the skin of a variable
proportion of healthy people, is an opportunistic pathogen in that it causes
infections most commonly at sites of lowered host
resistance e.g. damaged skin or mucous membranes. The common infections
caused by S. aureus are skin and wound infections, abscesses, osteomyelitis and
food poisoning.
Staphylococcus aureus sensitive to many antimicrobial agents but some
strains produce the enzyme β-lactamase which inactivates the action of
β-lactam antibiotics. These are called
multi-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA).
S. aureus is the commonest cause of both social and community acquired
infections. Patient to patient transmission via the hands of the personnel are
the most common and prevalent
means of spread (Berkow et al., 1992).
Growth Characteristics
S. aureus are facultative anaerobes that are able to grow on any
nutrient media. Due to the fact that it does have some haemolysins, certain
strains can cause β-haemolysis on blood agar plates.
It does not grow on MacConkey agar with crystal violet.
Toxins and enzymes
S. aureus is the primary toxin-producing type of staphylococci and
produces a wide range of extracellular products viz. haemolysins, leukocidin,
enterotoxins, exfoliatinand enzymes (Howard et al., 1995).
S. aureus produces four types of haemolysinsviz. alpha, beta, gamma and
delta. The exact role of each type of haemolysin is not known but it is
believed that alpha haemolysins have
dermonecrotic activity as well as haemolytic abilities (Howard et al.,
1995).
Leukocidin toxin is capable of causing lysis of human leucocytes and
macrophages.
If these toxins are produced the patient will develop an impaired immune
system. The leucocytes are a major part of the human immune system. This will
expose the patient to infections
(Iwase et al., 1990)
There are five types of enterotoxins (labelled as A through to E)
produced by S. aureus. These toxins are responsible for staphylococcal food
poisoning and conditions such as toxic
shock syndrome which results when staphylococci grow and thrive within a
cavity on the human body (Howard et al., 1995).
Exfoliatin is a toxin which has an epidermolytic or exfoliative effect.
It causes layers within the epidermis of the skin to split thereby causing
exfoliation of the skin (Ladhani et al.., 1999).
There are numerous enzymes produced by staphylococci viz. lipase,
fibrinolysins and proteases. However, S. aureusproduces the enzyme coagulase
which not only causes haemolysis but also inhibits the bactericidal activity of
the normal serum. (Howard et al., 1995)
Staphylococcal Infections
S. aureus constitutes the largest amount of Staphylococcal infections
due to coagulase enzyme production. Local infections are by far the most common
of all types of staphylococcal
infection. More serious invasive staphylococcal infections are not very
common in healthy individuals, but may occur in immunocompromised patients.
Predisposing factors include injury to
normal skin, prior viral infections, leucocyte defects, deficiencies in
humoral immunity and alteration of normal flora due to use of antimicrobial
agents to which S. aureus is not susceptible.
This organism may also invade the blood stream and from the re spread to
numerous body sites (Howard et al., 1995).
Pathogenic staphylococci are ubiquitous; they are carried in the
anterior nares of about 30% of healthy adults and on the skin of about 20%.
Newborns and nursing mothers are predisposed to staphylococcal infections, as
are patients with influenza, chronic bronchopulmonary disorders (e.g. cystic
fibrosis, pulmonary emphysema), leukaemia, neoplasms, transplants, prostheses
or other
foreign bodies, surgical incisions, diabetes melJitus, and indwelling
catheters. Patients receiving adrenal steroids, irradiation,
immunosuppressants, or antitumor chemotherapy are also at risk.
(Beers et al., 1999:1147.)
https://openscholar.dut.ac.za/bitstream/10321/3091/1/BISHOLOKZ_2018.pdf
[Khanya Zukolwakhe Bisholo]
2.3.3.2
Staphylococcus aureus
is a type of bacterium
commonly found
in
large numbers
near
an
opening of the body surface such as
the skin, hair
, pharynx
and
nasal fossa
of
both
people and animals
(WHO, 2015)
.
It
belongs to the family Staphylococcaceae
and at
least 30 species have been recognised by biochemical analysis
(Mandal, 2012)
.
The
Methicillin
-
resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA)
is a strain
that
has traditionally
been considered a
nosocomial pathogen. M
any report
s
of MRSA have
been
increasing and were found in patients who were associated with pig farms
(Van Loo
et al.,
2007).
The incidence of
Staphylococcus aureus
is also associated with ethnicity.
In the US
A
, the incidence of invasive MRSA in the black population (
27.7
% per year)
was almost
doub
le that in the white population
(
66.5
% per year) (Tong
et al.,
2015).
There were
365 episodes of
Staphylococcus aureus
bacterae
mia identified in Cape
Town, with an annual incidence of 3.28 cases per 1
000 hospital admissions (Naidoo
et al.,
2013).
This bacterium
causes food
-
borne illnesses
when a food
handler
contaminates food which is not properly stored. Unsanitary conditions
and crowded
community settings increase exposure
to
Staphylococcus aureus
.
The bacteria can
be transmitted from person to person through contact with a carrier.
It i
s characterized
by a short incubation period of 1 to 6 hours. The onset is sudden and is
characterized
by vomiting and
diarrhoea but no
fever (Foodsafety.gov, 2015).
Recommended
treatments for these
patients are rest,
plenty of fluids
and medicine to
calm
the
52
[Jonathan Reuben/Rai Invernizzi]
2.4.3 STAPHylococcus AUREUS
2.4.3.1 Classification
Staphylococcus aureus tails under the family Staphylococcacea and genus
Staphylococcus, which comprises of at least 20 different species of which
Staph. al/reus together with Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus
saprophyticus, are recognised as being the most medically significant (Mims, et
aI., 1998:513).
2.4.3.2 Morphology and identification
Staphylococcus aureus are spherical organisms, usually about one
micrometer in diameter, and occur in irregularly shaped clusters. They may also
be seen singularly, in pairs, tetrads or chains.
Younger cells stain Gram-positive, however older cells may stain
Gramnegative. (Jawetz, el aI., 1991: 194.) Staph. auretts are non-motile,
non-sporing and generally non-capsulate. When grown
on laboratory media, colonies are generally circular, 2-3 mm in
diameter, and have a-smooth, shiny surface. Colonies are opaque, and may have a
golden-yellow, fawn or cream colour to them. (Greenwood, Slack and Peutherer,
1992:204.) When grown anaerobically, colonies are notably smaller, and more
greyish in colour (Jawetz, el al., 1991: 194). The optimum growth temperature
is 37° C, although pigment is formed best at 20 - 25° C (Mackie and
McCartney, 1996:246).
2.4.3.3. fu1idemiology
Staphylococcus aureus occurs as part of the normal flora of the skin,
and is present in the nasal cavities of 40 - 50% of healthy human beings
(Jawetz, et al., 1991: 196).
2.4.3.4 Staphylococcus aureus infections
Staphylococcus aureus is by far the most clinically important
Staphylococcal pathogen (Mackie and McCartney, 1996:248). Most strains are
incapable of penetrating the normal barrier function of the skin, and tend only
to cause infection when penetrating through breaks in the skin. Localised
infections may progress to bacteraemia, whilst spontaneous' bacteraemias have
been noted, where there
is no origin of sepsis evident. This occurs more often in chronically
debilitated patients. (Mackie and McCartney, 1996:248.)
Once past the barrier of the skin, Staphylococcus aureus strains possess
a large number of cellassociated and extracellular factors, which often enable
the organism to survive the bodies defences and colonise the tissue. It is
thought that these factors acting in unison make it possible for the organism
to bind to connective tissue, resist the bactericidal response of the
complement system, and prevent uptake by phagocytes.
Staphylococcus aureus may cause: Pyogenic infections such as:
carbuncles, boils, breast abscess, lung abscess, and empyema;
o Disseminated infections such as septicaemia; & Toxin-mediated
illness, such as toxic shock syndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning.
(Greenwood, Slack and Peutherer, 1992:204.)
Pathological changes caused by Staph. al/reus, are usually due to
enzymes and toxins produced by the bacteria. These include:
o Coagulase, an enzyme that both clots plasma and inhibits the uptake
and phagocytosis of the bacteria by macrophages; Cl) Leucocidin, which kills
white cells;
e Lytic exotoxins, which destroy red blood cells and platelets;
o Deoxyribonuclease, which destroys deoxyribonucleic acid;
o Lipase, which aids in the breakdown of fats;
e Staphylokinase, which causes fibrinolysis;
Cl) Exfoliatin, which causes the peeling of the skin;
o Enterotoxin B, which causes food poisoning;
o Beta-lactamases that lead to penicillin-resistance.(Greenwood, Slack
and Peutherer, (1992:205.)
2.4.3.5 Anti-microbial sensitivity
Staph. aureus is resistant to most broad-spectrum penicillin such as ampycillin and amoxycillin due to the production of beta-lactamases by the bacterium. Clavulanic acid inactivates beta-Iactamase, and sometimes is used in conjunction with amoxicillin (co-amoxiclav) as a therapy. Certain strains resistant to other antibiotics such as tetracycline or erythromycin, and even beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin, are not uncommon. All Staphylococcus aureus strains remain susceptible to the glycopeptides antibiotics, vancomycin and teicoplanin. (Mackie and McCartney, 1996:247-248.)
Repertorium:
Gemüt: Auf-/Zusammenfahren (erwachend)
Froh
Furcht (in engen Räumen)
Gedächtnisschwäche (für das, was geschrieben hat)/vergesslich (vergisst, wohin sie geht)
Konzentration gut, aktiv
Lasziv, lüstern
Reizbar, gereizt/verbittert, verärgert
Verwirrt geistig (im Freien)
Weinen (aus Verzweiflung/um Zukunft)
Kopf: Abszess in Gehirn
Entzündete Hirnhaut
Pulsieren l.
Schmerz [nachmittags - 16 h/gegen Mitternacht/im Hinterkopf (um Mitternacht/dumpf/pulsierend)/in r. Schläfe (pulsierend)/r. erstr. l. (drückend)/in l. Schläfe (ziehend)/seitlich (lanzinierend)/in Stirn r./in Stirn über/hinter den Augen l.]
Schweregefühl in Stirn
Auge: Hautausschläge um die Augen
Jucken
Schmerz in Lider (wund schmerzend)
Gerstenkörner (an Lider)
Zysten der Meibomsche Drüsen
Zuckende Lider - r.
Ohr: Absonderung wässrig
Geräusche im Ohr, Ohrgeräusche wenige
Nase: Absonderung - dünn/klar/aus Choanen
Schnupfen morgens erwachend
Niesen morgens erwachend/+ trockener Nase
Verstopfung + Schnupfen/< im
Schlaf
Gesicht: Aufgesprungene Lippen
Hautausschläge - Bart - Follikulitis/Lippen/Nasenmuschel vorne innerlich
Hitze l.
Schmerz (prickelnd, kribbelnd)
Mund: Hautausschläge - Zunge
Schmerz (Zunge/wund schmerzend)
Trocken
Geschmack - sauer nachts
Innerer Hals: Schleim gelb
Schmerz r.
Äußerer Hals: Schmerz (wund schmerzend)
Geschwollene Halsdrüsen Magen: Durst
Leeregefühl nicht > durch Essen
Übel < nach Essen
Bauch: Flatulenz
Hautausschläge - juckend/rot/um Nabel
Jucken
Schmerz - vor/während Durchfall/krampfartig/in Hypogastrium/r./lanzinierend
Vergrößerte Milz
Rektum: Durchfall (morgens/< nach Essen)
Fistel
Flatus (vor/beim Stuhlgang)
Stuhldrang bei Durchfall
Stuhl: Dunkel/häufig/lang, schmal/wässrig
Gewaltsam, plötzlich, in einem Schwall
Blase: Harndrang vergeblich
Urinieren tröpfelnd
Urin: Sediment eitrig
Prostata: Abszess/Entzündung
Weibliche Genitalien: Menses lange sich hinziehend
Atmung: Behindert, gehemmt mit Zusammenschnürung der Brust
Brust: Abszess in Lungen
Entzündung im Endokard + Perikarditis - rheumatisch/im Perikard/in Lungen durch Staphylokokken
Hautausschläge - flüchtiges Exanthem - rot
Kribbeln
Herzbeschwerden - Myokard
Glieder: Anthrax
Nagelgeschwür
Schmerz - Finger (schneidend)/Handgelenke (Wehtun)/Oberschenkel < Bewegung (Wehtun)/Schultern (Wehtun)
Geschwollene Füße/Hände
Steifheit in Ellbogen/r. Schulter
Zittern in Hände
Zusammenschnürung in OberarmeRücken: Entzündung in Rückenmark/in Wirbel
Schmerz (in Sakralregion/wund schmerzend/in Steißbein)
Schlaf: Einschlafen früh
Erwacht zu früh/plötzlich
Ruhelos
Träume: Kämpfe/merkwürdig,
wunderlich/Wanzen
Fieber: mit Frost
Veränderliche, wechselnde Anfälle
Haut: Hautausschläge - Bläschen
Bläschen - Purpura
Ekthym
Furunkel/Karbunkel
Herpes zoster
Impetigo
Pusteln (Purpura)
Allgemeines: Entzündung der Knochen (des Knochenmarks)
Hitzewallungen
übermäßige, körperliche Reizbarkeit
Speisen und Getränke: Verlangt: Erdnussbutter/Gewürze, Würzmittel/Süßigkeiten;
Schwäche
Komplementär: Ars. Hep. Nat-m. Sil. Sulph.
Vergleich: Anag. Bac. (enthält Pyr. + Strept. + Staphcoc). Spenglersan.: Kolloid D. Spenglersan.: Kolloid Dx. Micrococcus (Staphycoc gehört zur Familie Micrococcinae). Pyrog. Raja-s. Rhus-v.
Unverträglich: Potenz unter C 500
Antidotiert von: Mag-f. Rheum.
Wirkung: psorisch/sycotisch
Phytologie: Manukaöl,
Vorwort/Suchen. Zeichen/Abkürzungen. Impressum.