Aqua
marina (Aq-mar) = Meereswasser/= life blood of ‘Gaia’
„Pilger“/ „Urgrund“/„das Leben impulsiv bestimmen durch ändern“
= Nat-m
+ religiös + weint weniger/Knochen/Nat-m. und Calc./= Lac-h
+ VERlassen;
Thema: Lebensraum/Widerstand;
Lösung: positiv: Moment
genießen/über Schatten springen;
negativ: Aus Furcht Änderung planen;
Kind: Skrophulöse Beschwerden;
Positiv: Hilfsbereit/gerne
im + > Bewegung/wissbegierig/aktiv/viele Plänen, die umgesetzt werden;
Negativ: „Wie
Gefangen“/will heraus, dark
depressed state, grief/just feeling floating; Mangel an Selbstwert: Warum? „Was denken
andere von mir?“.
lost to myself; hopeless and for eternity. Terrified of infinite blackness of death. fühlt sich beobachtet (Bad/Arbeit)/Baden abgeneigt, unruhig/vergesslich/Arbeit abgeneigt/lüsterne Gedanken suizidal, gequältes Empfinden, geistesabwesend/Angst verrückt zu werden, Religion = Rettung, schwach/Reaktionsmangel, überempfindlich mit Funktionsstörung der Schilddrüse, venöse Stauung und vermehrte Schleimabsonderungen;
Will sich nicht zeigen, nicht angeschaut werden.
Fühlt sich anders als alle anderen (Na nur unverstanden)/ManGEL an Selbstvertrauen, Scheu bis Angst vor anderen Menschen; dadurch Gefühl beobachtet (nicht geachtet/verlacht/unzulänglich) zu sein; zieht sich zurück und verhält sich konträr, um so anerkannt zu werden wie sie sind (Nat-br. Nat-m.); haben Gefühl nicht tun zu dürfen was Sie wollen.
< Gesellschaft + Reden, Mundgeruch,
Gedärm/Nieren/Haut; Neuralgie, Schwellung + Eiterung, Zervikaldrüsen, <<
am Meer o. >> am Meer, > Baden/Wickel aus Meereswasser/-Salzen/
schneller Bewegung, Missverständnisse/Groll hegend/grob/hängt an Vergangenheit
Arbeit ist Last/denkt Aufgabe nicht erfüllen zu können/immer in Eile/Ungeduld + Unruhe = Qual, schreckHAFT (Geräusche)/morgens zähe + körnige Ausfluss Augen/<< Sprechen zuhören/Wind/Zug/<<< Sonne/(See)luft/Wärme/> Außerhaus + Bewegung/wechselnde Beschwerden;
<<< salzige Luft/Luft am Meer/auf See (Galle-Erkrankung/Kopfschmerz/Obstipation);
> am Meer/Baden im Meerwasser;
< Bewegung/Druck/Wärme/heißes Wetter; > Essen/Ruhe;
Ursache: Verbleib
am Meer;
Nat-m.: härter, Mauer ist spürbar, will nicht in Kontakt treten; verschlossen, weil verletzt werden könnte/verlangt Salz, Menschenscheu; >/< am Meer; stinkender Schweiß, Schwäche 10 h., Entzündung + Schwellung Hals-LK.
Sep.: Dickköpfiger Widerspruchsgeist;
Sil.: macht alles, damit andere zufrieden sind, will Kontrolle behalten, bestimmtes Bild erfüllen - Image
Ambra.: hat Scham, ist nicht sensibel in den Gefühlen, hat nicht starke Hautprobleme.
Generals. Tired.
From one state in to the next/of being ravenously
hungry to total contentment.(whatever I am eating).
Craving cheese (smoothness of Camembert).
Eating a lot of fruit (grapes). Had fruit salad for dinner.
Craving sweets/honey/salt
Drank little/thirsty for water/Very thirsty in
afternoon/Drank water but still thirsty.
Appetite increased two-fold. Awakes very hungry. Eats more meals in the day.
Was hot
in bed last night - took some blankets off. (Very unusual for me.)
Gemüt: Angst [nachmittags (14 - 16 h)/> Bewegung/< erwachend/> fahrend o. reitend/>/< Gehen/um Geldangelegenheiten/über Geschäfte/(>) wenn in Gesellschaft/< (eis)kalte Getränke/< Schweiß/um Seelenheil/(>) sprechend/> Wind, der direkt auf den Kopf bläst/wenn Zeit festgesetzt ist/in Träumen]/Furcht (man würde seinen Zustand bemerken/vor Geisteskrankheit/jemand dringt in das Haus ein (ziehe Vorhänge zu, um nicht gesehen zu werden)/vor Räubern/vor dem Tod)/ heimgesucht von lasziven Gedanken mit Furcht verrückt zu werden.
Bewusstlos/Stupor
Bulimie (Bulimia nervosa)
Empfindlich
Entfremdet (von sich selbst)
Entmutigt/resigniert/faul
Erschrickt leicht
< nach Essen
Gedächtnisschwäche (für was gehört hat)/Gedächtnisverlust (durch geistige Anstrengung/plötzlich)
Gedanken - hartnäckig/quälend/sexuell/Konzentration schwierig/geistesabwesend
Gequält, verstört, aufgeregt.
Gesellschaft abgeneigt/verlangt Gesellschaft (< wenn allein)/<<< durch Gesellschaft
Gleichgültigkeit, Apathie
Hast, Eile (um pünktlich anzukommen)
Ichbezogenheit, Selbstüberhebung
Ideen, Einfälle - Reichtum an, Klarheit des Geistes
Konzentration schwierig, zerstreut
Kummer, Trauer (lang anhaltend/still)/seufzt/traurig (während der Menopause)/weint (wenn allein)
Langsam
Lasziv, lüstern
Religiöse Gemütsstörungen, Störung i. B. auf die Religiosität - beschäftigt; zu sehr mit Religion/versucht in der Religion Frieden zu finden (übermäßigen Sexualtrieb zu vermindern).
Ruhelos (mit Schmerz im Abdomen/ängstlich)
Schüchtern, zaghaft (schamhaft)/Seelenruhe, gelassen/zurückhaltend, reserviert
Selbstlos/Selbstsucht, Egoismus/Selbstvertrauenmangel (hält sich für Versager)
Stumpf (studierend und lernend)
Suizidneigung geneigt Selbstmord/Gedanken an den Tod
Unsicherheit; geistige
Unzufrieden (zurückhaltende Unmut, Missvergnügen)
Veränderungen verlangend
Vergesslich
“Wie verlassen zu sein“
Verzweiflung (i. B. auf die Genesung)
Wahnideen („Als ob Beine abgeschnitten“/wird beobachtet/beschattet, bespitzelt, ausspioniert zu werden/alles wird fehlschlagen, versagen/ist geisteskrank/wird gequält/sei gesund/sei geteilt in 2 Teile/über ihn wird gelacht und gespottet/sei unsichtbar/wird gleich verletzt/verstoßen von Verwandten/Zeit erscheint länger)
Wille = widersprüchlich
Zufrieden
Schwindel: im Allgemeinen
Schwindel + Schmerz im Kopf
“Wie berauscht“
Kopf: Neuralgische Schmerzen von der rechten Schläfe
und Stirn herunterziehend
Gesicht: Hautausschläge einige
Rissige Mitte der Unterlippe
Schmerz - l./abends (brennend)< Lachen (brennend)/< Öffnen des Mundes (brennend)
Trockene Lippen (nachts)
Kopf: Schmerz viele
Schweregefühl [> Druck/> (gehend) im Freien/warme Anwendungen/> Hitze/Hinterkopf abends - 18 h (> Bewegung)]
“Wie Leere, Gedankenlosigkeit“ (nach Schlaf)
Auge: Trachom
Schmerz - nachmittags - 16 - 18.30 h (brennend)> kalte Anwendungen (brennend)
Schweregefühl in Lider nach Mittagessen (unmittelbar danach)
Nase: Absonderung l./einige
„Wie Kälte“ in Nasenwurzel/Kälte in Nasenwurzel
Schnupfen (+ Absonderung/< Essen/> Tee/an der Nasenwurzel)
Erkältungsgefühl nur an der Nasenwurzel
Gerüche eingebildete und wirkliche - übel riechend
Niesen (morgens erwachend)
Schmerz (dumpf/Nasenlöcher morgens)
Verstopft - r. dann l./l./“Wie verstopft“ r.
Gesicht: Gesichtsschmerz l., kaltes Wasser ist unerträglich,
Lippen trocken (nachts)
Fissur in der Mitte der Unterlippe
Mund: Geruch übel riechend
Schleim, Schleimabsonderung - gelblich/weiße Schleimansammlung auf der Zunge
Schleimhaut - Blut sickert heraus/gelblich - weiß
Schmerz in Gaumen einige
Speichel - schaumig/Speichel „Wie Watte“
Trocken (während Fieber)
Äußerer Hals: Blutandrang/Kropf - Basedow/geschwollene Halsdrüsen
Zähne: Schmerz in Backenzähne
Innerer Hals: „Wie Haar o. Fischgrat“ kitzelt und zwingt zum Schlucken - verursacht Husten, der aber nicht erleichtert;
Kitzeln - abends 10 h/+ Räuspern geneigt
Leeregefühl < Schlucken
Schleim - l. Seite/morgens gehend/nachmittags/abends/“Wie Baumwolle“/klebrig/übel riechend
Schluckschmerz, zum Ohr und zu den Schläfen ausstrahlend
Schmerz schluckend „Wie durch Splitter“, anhaltendes Hochräuspern und Heraufbringen von Schleim – zäh und weiß wie Baumwolle,
Schmerz einige
Äußerer Hals: Kropf
Magen: Appetit - Heißhunger/[vermehrt (vormittags 11 h/nach dem Essen)/vermindert - abends
Art des Aufstoßens: Übelkeit erregend
Magenbeschwerden biliös
Durst (nachts/unstillbar)
Schmerz - Magengrube - > Druck/> warme Anwendungen .
Übel (Seekrankheit)
Übelkeit, Übelkeitsempfinden im Magen und Bauch,
Bauch: Blutandrang/Flatulenz/Rumoren, Kollern < beim
Stuhlgang
Obstipation < o. ausgelöst durch Aufenthalt am Meer
Schmerz [nachmittags - 14
h/vor Mitternacht> Anstrengung/>/< Druck/wund schmerzend/seitlich r.
unter den Rippen/> Leibesübungen]
Spannung
Rektum: Abwärtszerren, Schwere, Gewicht vor Stuhlgang
Blutung aus dem Anus (hellrot)
Durchfall < am Meer
Flatus beim Stuhlgang
Obstipation (< am Meer/ungenügend)
Schmerz [< beim/nach Stuhlgang (brennend)/vor Stuhlgang/Tenesmus]
Stuhldrang häufig
Beschwerden durch Würmer
Stuhl: Blutige Punkte
Braun - dunkelbraun/mit Flatus/übel riechend
Hart (gefolgt von weicher Stuhl)/reichlich/trocken/unverdaut
Blase: Harnverhaltung - kann in Anwesenheit anderer nicht urinieren
Schmerz > Bewegung .
Wasser lassen alle 2 Stunden
Atmung: Atemnot, Dyspnoe, erschwertes Atmen - Ausatmen
Harnröhre: Schmerz < Wasser lassend (brennend)
Männliche Genitalien: Erektionen - fehlend mit Sexverlangen/schwierig/unvollständig
Pollutionen (frühmorgens/mit Träumen)
Schmerz in Penis < Wasser lassend
Schwäche
Sexverlangen - vermehrt ohne Erektionen/mit körperlicher Schwäche
Weibliche Genitalien: Fluor (anhaltend, chronisch/übel riechend)
Jucken < Kratzen/Menopause
Schmerz - Nachwehen/Uterus (scharf/erstr. Rücken)/Vaginismus
Auswurf: Morgens (6 - 9 h)/“Wie Baumwolle/salzig/kühl/“Wie Rost“/schwierig/wässrig
Brust: Schmerz mehrere
Schweiß in r. Achselhöhle
Rücken: Entzündete Halsdrüsen
Schmerz einige
Glieder: unwillkürliche Bewegung in Unterschenkel auf dem Fußboden ruhend
Gefühllose, taube - Unterschenkel einige
Geschwüre - Zehen (5e)
Hautausschläge - Unterschenkel - Pusteln - r.
Jucken - Beine/l. Handfläche/Oberschenkel(beuge)/um die Zehen l.
Kalte (Oberarme)
Ruhelos - Beine
Schmerz viele
Schweiß mehrere
Zittern - r. Hand/in Hände mit Schmerz
Schlaf: Einschlafen schwierig
Gestört aus Angst/schwer
Erwacht morgens - 6 h/nach Mitternacht - 3 h/4 h/5 h
Bauchlage (Hände über dem Kopf)
Schläfrig nach Pollutionen?/Pollutionen nach Schläfrigkeit?
unerquicklich - morgens
Träume: Ängstlich (dass andere in ihren persönlichen Bereich eindringen)/Beziehungen/erotisch/fährt (aktiv, als Fahrer) mit dem Auto/die eigene Familie/Freunde/Geld/Hochzeit/hoffnungslos/Mord/Reue/romantisch/Tiere
Fieber: Morgens (6 - 9 h)/vormittags (9 - 12 h) - 10 h
Frost: Frösteln
Schweiß: Geruch - stinkend/übel riechend/Klebrig
Haut: Hautausschläge (Bläschen/Ekzem (flüchtiges)
Narben juckend
Allgemeines: Abmagerung/Anämie
Baden, Waschen abgeneigt
(>/< Baden im Meer)
Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann Krankheit
>/< Bewegung
Chlorose
> essend/> Ruhe/> am
Meer
< Druck/< Fahren mit
der Straßenbahn, Tram/< Mensesanfang/< am
Meer/< Wärme/heißes Wetter
Fettleibig
Verlangt sich hinzulegen (nach
Pollutionen)
Hitzegefühl nachts
Kongestion - Blutandrang
Körpergeruch - übel riechend
Krankengeschichte von
wiederkehrender Zystitis;
Schmerz in Muskeln - <
Druck/nach Pollutionen
Schwach < 10 h.
Speisen und Getränke: <:
kalte Getränke (Wasser)/Salz; >: (eis)kalte Getränke (Wasser)/Salz;
Abgeneigt: Fisch; Verlangt: Essig/Gewürze, Würzmittel/Honig/Mehlspeisen, Teigwaren/Obst/Salz/Süßigkeiten:
Entblößen - stößt die Decken weg
Schwäche (vormittags - 10 h/< nach Samenabgang)
Geschwollene Drüsen
Verlangt sich im Wind aufzuhalten
Zittern äußerlich
Folgt gut: Quass.
Vergleich: Enthält: alle Elementen Na [30% (allein)] + Cl [55% (konträr sein)/12x Na] + Mg [3 % (Streit)] + S [7 % SO4 (Befreiung O des Ego S)] + Ca [1% (sicheres zu Hause)] + K [1% (Pflicht)] + Br + C [CO2/CO3 (Vitalität)] + Spurenelemente P (Leben + Liebe) + Br (Schuld) + I (hinterhältiger Angriff) und alle Spurenelemente; Hura (= Aq-mar-ähnlich + warten ist schwierig/= Lac-c + empfindet sich als minderwertig + anderen als in Ordnung/= Anac + Spannung).
[40]
Med + Nat-m
(wenn versagen). Puls. Stram. Thio. Tub. VAB. Sol.
Aquamarin = Be3Al2Si6O18 mit Beimengungen von Fe-/Ti-Ionen/= „Meerwasser“
Red sea:
called the "
Sal adriaticum w
Siehe: Aquae allgemein + Solgruppe
Aq-mar. = Nat-m. (enttäuscht) + Lyc. (Versagungsangst) + Chin. (Tagestraumheld) + Bry. (will Ruhe) + Bell. (<<< Sonne/Wärme)
Nat-m. (enttäuscht) ó Aq-mar. (Religiös/empfindet sich alt) ó Med./Calc./Sep. (Gatte/Familie abgeneigt)
Aur. (Tod = Lösung/religiös/offener Ehrgeiz) ó Aq-mar. ó Nat-m. (erstarrt/versteckter Ehrgeiz)
Unverträglich: Erdbeeren.
Herz-/Gefäßbeschwerden/Blutungsneigung/Ödem/Krebs/Tb/Fieber/Asthma
Antidotiert: Manc. Antidotiert von: Coff. Lac-ac. Puls.
Wirkung: phosphorisch/tuberkulin/psorisch/sykotisch
Allerlei: Siehe Nat-m für mehr Einzelheiten
Aq-mar = Anfang/Urgrund des Lebens/Götter + Leben aus Ozean hochgestiegen/= Blut der Gaia (= Muttererde)
In Tantrism, the ocean is
the Universal Spirit, Paramatma, into which is
mingled the drop of the water of life, jiva or jivatma, the individual soul.
Minute traces of inorganic and organic nutrients essential for phytoplankton
on which all life in the oceans depend’ In fact the sea water can be considered
the life blood of ‘Gaia’ the living earth. Without water there is no life, so
water in general is a symbol of life.
Symbols: formless potential/unconscious/emptiness/enlightenment/divine
being/the giver and taker of life/human passions.Egyptian
mythology creation of Earth and life was emerging from the ocean, just as mudbanks emerged from the falling floodwaters of the Nile
including the gods themselves
The ancient Greeks and Romans offered horses and
bulls, symbols of fertility, to the sea. But monsters rise from the depths, and
so the sea is also an image of the unconscious which has currents
of its own which may
be either lethal or regenerative. The sea partakes of the divine property of
giving and taking life.
The journey of the self through life is like the story
of the salt doll (goes down into the depth of the ocean and as so it
dissolves/becomes one with the ocean).
Salz schließt Leben aus (verliert Elementen: I/Fl/Bo/Cl u.a.),
Verhältnis in Schweiß/Tränen/Blut/Fruchtwasser (Ca : K : Na = 5 : 10 : 60) = etwa gleich mit dem Verhältnis im Meereswasser = Aq-mar
Ostsee: 0,7%, Nordsee: 3,3%, Tote Meer 3x Na + 9x
Danga (Vitaquell/Mg/76% Na/20%
Mg/Ca u.a.)
Source: Clear
colourless liquid with saline taste/collected about 10 km away from the shore/about
2 m below surface in sterile glass containers. Contains 8.51
g/l of sodium. 0.405 g/l of
sulphate
and traces of bromides and of iodides. It is alkaline to litmus.
Ocean is
the great body of water that covers more than 70% of the earth's surface/also
called the sea/contains 97% of all the water on the earth/most of the remaining
water is frozen in glaciers
and
icecaps. The rest is in lakes and rivers, underground, and in the air.
Provides us with many things. It is far more than a place for swimming,
boating, and other recreation/Serves as a source of food, energy, and minerals.
Ships use the ocean to carry cargo between continents. But above all else, the
sea helps keep the earth's climate healthful by regulating the air temperature
and by supplying the moisture for rainfall. If there were no ocean, life could
not exist on our planet.
The ocean
is a fascinating place that we have only begun to understand: the bottom of the
ocean has features as varied as those on land. Huge plains spread out across
the ocean floor, and long mountain chains rise toward the surface. Volcanoes
erupt from the ocean bottom, and deep valleys cut through the floor.
Most of the
ocean lies in the Southern Hemisphere: the Southern Hemisphere consists of
about 80% ocean, and the Northern Hemisphere about 60% .
The
The
Atlantic Ocean covers about 94 million square kilometers,
not including the waters of the
The
The world
ocean has an average depth of 12,200 feet (3,730 meters), but parts of the ocean
plunge much deeper. The deepest areas occur in trenches long, narrow valleys on
the sea floor. The deepest known spot is in the Mariana Trench in the western
Pacific Ocean, near the
The Pacific
is the deepest ocean, with an average depth of 3,940 meters.
The
The
The surface
temperature of the ocean varies from about -2°C near the North and South poles
to about 30°C near the equator. In the polar regions,
the surface seawater freezes.
The western
tropical Pacific has the warmest surface water. Ocean currents affect the
surface temperature. As the currents move about in the ocean, they carry warm
tropical water toward the
poles. Other
ocean movements bring colder, deeper water up to the surface and so lower the
surface water temperature.
Ocean
temperature also varies with depth. In general, the temperature falls as the
depth increases. The warm surface waters extend to depths of about 150 meters
in the tropics, and about 300
meters in
the subtropics. Below the surface waters, the temperature drops rapidly,
forming a layer called the thermocline. The thermocline varies in thickness, from about 300 meters to 910
meters. Below the thermocline, the water cools more
slowly. Close to the deep-sea floor, the temperature of the ocean ranges
between 1° and 4°C.
Composition:
every natural element can be found in the waters of the ocean. But the ocean is
especially known for its salts. Seawater contains, on the average, about 31/2% salts.
6 elements
account for 99% of the ocean's salinity (saltiness).
They are,
in order of amount:
chloride,
sulfur (as sulfate),
Most of the
salty material in the sea consists of the compound sodium chloride, or ordinary
table salt.
Most salts
in the ocean come chiefly from the wearing away of rocks on land. As rocks
break down, rivers carry the salts and other material the rocks consist of to
the ocean. Material released
by volcanoes
and undersea springs also contributes salts to the ocean. Evaporation and
precipitation further affect the ocean's salinity. Evaporation removes fresh
water from the ocean surface,
leaving
behind the salts. Evaporation is high in subtropical areas, and so the surface
waters are especially salty in those areas. Precipitation returns fresh water
to the ocean. Precipitation is
greater
than evaporation near the equator, making surface waters less salty there. Rivers
also bring fresh water to the ocean, which lowers the salinity of seawater near
river mouths.
The ocean
provides/can provide many major resources. Including:
1) food,
2) energy,
3) minerals,
4) medicines.
Food from
the ocean consists mainly of fish and shellfish. The worldwide commercial fish
and shellfish catch from the ocean totals about 200 billion pounds (90 billion
kilograms) annually.
Most of the
catch comes from coastal waters. People eat about 60% of the fish and shellfish
directly. Processors use the rest of the catch to make such products as fish
oil and fish meal, which is added to livestock feed and pet food.
The world's
fishing fleets harvest many kinds of fish and shellfish. The chief kinds
include anchovies, cod, haddock, herring, lobsters, mackerel, oysters,
sardines, shrimp, and tuna. The fishing industry also is harvesting unfamiliar
types of seafood and developing new products and markets for the catch. For
example, krill, a small shrimplike animal found in
cold ocean waters, already provides high-protein food for people. Surimi, a fish product developed in
fish not
traditionally eaten as food to make a protein powder. In addition, the market
for such animals as squids is growing.
Seaweeds serve
as a source of food, in addition to having industrial uses. Kelp, a large,
brown variety, is one of the most important seaweeds. Kelp contains many
vitamins and such minerals
as iodine
and potassium. Its chief value is as a source of algin,
a thickening substance used in making ice cream, salad dressing, cosmetics usw.
People are
increasingly farming the ocean much as they farm the land. Fish farming, also
called aquaculture or mariculture, has been practiced
for thousands of years in
Asian countries. Its use has been growing in Western countries since the 1960's. Fish
farmers raise fish, shellfish, and seaweeds near ocean shores as well as in
ponds. They use special
methods to
make the animals and seaweeds grow faster and larger than they would in the
wild. Fish hatcheries, a related industry, produce healthy young salmon and
other young fish for release
into the
ocean.
Energy from
the ocean has several forms. Petroleum and natural gas are the ocean's most
valuable energy resources. Offshore wells tap deposits of oil and gas beneath
the sea floor. In the late 1980's, offshore wells produced about 25% of the
world's oil and about 20% of the world's gas. Scientists estimate that 3
trillion barrels of oil lie undiscovered beneath the ocean. Equally huge
amounts of untapped gas accompany the oil. As gas and oil reserves on land are
used up or become too difficult and expensive to obtain, finding and recovering
undersea deposits will become increasingly important.
The ocean
tides provide energy. Tidal power facilities use the energy in the rise and
fall of the tides to produce electricity. The first tidal power plant opened in
1966 on the
near
Minerals
recovered from the ocean include sand and gravel mined from the sea floor and
used to make construction materials. Some sands also have value because they
are rich in phosphorite
and other
chemicals. Seawater itself contains such important minerals as bromide,
manganese, and salt. The minerals can be removed by letting the seawater
evaporate in large shallow basins
under
sunlight. The evaporation leaves the minerals behind. Other methods to remove
minerals from seawater include chemical and electrochemical processes.
The mineral
wealth of the ocean extends to the deep-sea floor. Deposits near undersea
Medicines
have been produced from many forms of marine life. For example, plantlike organisms called red algae provide an
anticoagulant, a drug that keeps blood from clotting. A species of marine snail
produces a substance that relaxes muscles. Sea life has also been valuable in
medical research. The blood of horseshoe crabs contains a substance used to
test for various infections. The substance can also be used to determine the
purity of many drugs. Researchers study giant nerve cells from lobsters,
squids, and marine worms to learn more about nerve functions in people.
Other
products from the ocean include coral, pearls, and shells used in jewelry. Sponges from the ocean bottom have higher quality
than synthetic sponges. In many dry areas near seacoasts, people desalinate
(remove the salt from) seawater to produce fresh water.
As an influence on climate. The ocean helps keep the earth's environment
healthful. The ocean's great size and the slowness of water to change
temperature have a steadying influence on the temperature of the atmosphere. In
summer, the ocean stores excess heat from the sun. In winter, when the sunlight
is weaker, the ocean releases the stored heat into the air. Circulation of the
ocean waters also affects air temperatures. Currents carry excess heat of
tropical waters toward the poles, thereby cooling the tropics and warming the polar regions.
The ocean
is the source of most of the precipitation that falls to the earth. The sun's
heat evaporates water from the ocean surface. The water rises as invisible vapor and forms clouds as it cools. It then falls back to
the earth as hail, rain, sleet, or snow.
As a vast highway. The ocean has been a highway for trade since people built the first
ships thousands of years ago. Today,
transportation--especially of heavy and bulky products-remains an important use
of the ocean.
Life in the
ocean
An
incredible variety of living things reside in the ocean. Marine life ranges in
size from microscopic one-celled organisms to the blue whale, which may measure
up to 100 feet (30 meters) long. Ocean plants and plantlike
organisms use sunlight and the minerals in the water to grow. Sea animals eat
these organisms and one another. Marine plants and plantlike
organisms can live only in the sunlit surface waters of the ocean, which is
called the photic zone. The photic
zone extends only about 330 feet (100 meters) below the surface. Beyond that
point, the light is insufficient to support plants and plantlike
organisms in the sea. Animals, however, live throughout the ocean, from the
surface waters to the greatest depths.
All ocean
life can be divided into three groups. These groups are (1) the plankton, (2)
the nekton, and (3) the benthos.
The
plankton consists of plantlike organisms and animals
that drift with the ocean currents. They have very little ability to move
through the water on their own. Most of them cannot be seen without a
microscope. The plantlike organisms of the plankton
form the phytoplankton, and include such simple organisms as diatoms and other
algae. The animals of the plankton form the zooplankton. Some minute types of
bacteria are included in the plankton.
The
phytoplankton consists of several kinds of plantlike
organisms. Most have only one cell. The phytoplankton floats in the photic zone, where the organisms obtain sunlight and
nutrients. Although the organisms generally drift about, some kinds have long, whiplike parts called flagella that enable them to swim. The
phytoplankton serves as food for the zooplankton and for some larger marine
animals.
The most
numerous members of the phytoplankton are diatoms and dinoflagellates.
A diatom consists of one cell enclosed in a hard, glasslike shell made of opal.
Diatoms live mainly in the colder regions of the ocean. Some even live within
sea ice. Most dinoflagellates also are one-celled
organisms. They generally live in more tropical regions. A dinoflagellate
has two flagella it can use to move in a swirling motion. Some species of dinoflagellates produce powerful poisons. When such species
become plentiful, they may discolor the water and
create a red tide that kills sea animals (see RED TIDE). Other kinds of
phytoplankton include coccolithophores and silicoflagellates.
The
zooplankton consists of many kinds of animals, ranging from one-celled
organisms to jellyfish up to 6 feet (1.8 meters) wide. The animals live in
surface and deep waters of the ocean. Some planktonic
animals float about freely throughout their lives. The rest spend only the
early part of their lives as plankton. As adults, some become strong swimmers
and join the nekton. Others settle to the sea floor or attach themselves to it
and become part of the benthos.
Crustaceans
make up about 70% of all planktonic animals. A
crustacean has jointed legs, and a shell called an exoskeleton covers its body.
Copepods are the most numerous crustaceans. Krill, which are also crustaceans,
serve as food for fish, sea birds, seals, squids, and whales in the waters
surrounding
The nekton
consists of animals that can swim freely in the sea. They are strong swimmers
and include fish, squids, and marine mammals. Most species of nektonic animals
live near the sea surface, where food is plentiful. But many other animals of
the nekton live in the deep ocean.
Fish are
the most important animals of the nekton. About 13,300 kinds of fish live in
the ocean. They differ greatly in size and shape. The smallest fish, a goby
with the scientific name Trimmatom nanus, lives in the
Squids are
free-swimming mollusks (animals with soft, boneless
bodies) that have 10 arms. Related animals include octopuses and cuttlefish. Squids
live in surface and deep waters. The animals may measure from less than 1 foot
(0.3 meter) to as much as 60 feet (18 meters) long, including the arms. A squid
moves backward through the water in a jetlike action
by forcing water through a tube that lies beneath its head.
Nektonic
mammals include dugongs, manatees, porpoises, and whales, all of which remain
in the ocean for their entire lives. Other marine mammals, such as sea lions,
sea otters, seals, and walruses, also spend time on land.
The benthos
is made up of marine organisms that live on or near the sea floor. Animals of
the benthos may burrow in the ocean floor, attach themselves to the bottom, or
crawl or swim about within the bottom waters. Where sunlight can reach the sea
floor, the benthos includes plants and plantlike
organisms, such as kelp and sea grass, which become anchored to the bottom. Among
the common animals that live on the sea floor are clams, crabs, lobsters,
starfish, and several types of worms. Some fish have features specially suited
for life on the ocean floor. For example, halibut and sole, which lie flat on
the bottom, have both eyes on the side of the head facing up.
Most
bottom-dwelling creatures are part of the plankton and drift with the currents
during the early stages of their development. They then sink to the sea floor where,
as adults, they become part of the benthos. Such animals include barnacles,
clams, corals, oysters, and various snails and worms.
The food
cycle in the sea begins with the phytoplankton. In a process called
photosynthesis, the organisms of the phytoplankton use sunlight, carbon
dioxide, water, and nutrients in the water to produce food (see
PHOTOSYNTHESIS). Certain animals of the zooplankton eat the phytoplankton. Those
animals, in turn, become food for other members of the zooplankton or for fish
and other animals of the nekton.
After ocean
animals die, they begin to sink. Before most dead animals sink very far, they
are eaten by creatures dwelling at lower depths. Animals begin to decay as soon
as they die. In addition, animals give off waste products. The waste
products--and dead animals that are not eaten--are broken down into mineral
salts by bacteria. Rising currents carry the minerals to the surface, where the
phytoplankton use them to make food, thus completing
the food cycle.
In the late
1970's, oceanographers discovered vents in the deep-sea floor from which hot
water flows. The scientists learned that the vents support thriving communities
of marine life. However, the food cycle in the vent communities is not based on
phytoplankton. Instead, certain forms of bacteria serve as the food base. In a
process called chemosynthesis, the bacteria use chemicals in the hot water to
grow and reproduce. Other organisms then feed on the bacteria.
How the
ocean moves
The waters
of the ocean move constantly. Ocean currents course through the sea like giant
rivers. Winds and earthquakes create waves across the surface of the ocean. Even
the gravitational pull of the moon and sun causes movement, producing the daily
rise and fall of the tides.
Currents.
Two types of circulation create the currents in the ocean. They are (1)
wind-driven circulation and (2) thermohaline
circulation.
Wind-driven
circulation results from the wind blowing on the ocean surface. The wind sets
the surface waters into motion as currents. The currents generally flow
horizontally--that is, parallel to the earth's surface. The wind mainly affects
only the upper 330 to 660 feet (100 to 200 meters) of water. However, the flow
of wind-driven currents may extend to depths of 3,300 feet (1,000 meters) or
more.
Wind-driven
currents move in enormous circular patterns called gyres. The
gyres flow clockwise in the subtropics of the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the subtropics of the Southern Hemisphere.
Several conditions influence the direction of wind-driven currents and make
them form the gyres. The earth's wind systems drive the currents in an easterly
or westerly direction (see WIND). On the other hand, the continents direct the
flow toward the north or south. The earth's rotation further causes the
currents' circular paths. Major wind-driven currents include the North and
South Equatorial currents, the California Current, the Canary Current, the
In some
areas, upwelling occurs when winds cause surface
waters near the coast to move offshore. Colder, deeper waters, which are rich
in nutrients, then rise to the surface near the coast. The upwelling
of deeper waters provides nutrients for the growth of tiny plantlike
organisms, which fish and other sea animals eat. Upwelling
areas have great numbers of fish and, in fact, yield half of the world's fish
catch. Important upwelling regions include the coasts
of
Thermohaline circulation produces great vertical currents that flow from the surface
to the ocean bottom and back. The currents largely result from differences in
water temperature and salinity. The currents move sluggishly from the polar regions, along the sea floor, and back to the surface.
In the polar regions, the surface waters become colder
and saltier. Being colder and saltier makes these waters heavier, and they sink
toward the ocean bottom. The cold bottom waters then spread out slowly toward
the equator. They gradually flow back toward the surface and replace the
surface waters that sink.
Waves. In
an ocean wave, water moves up and down. No forward motion of water occurs as
the wave goes through the water. The action of an ocean wave resembles the
waves you can make in a rope that is tied to a tree. When you shake the free
end of the rope, waves run along it. But the rope itself does not move forward.
When an ocean wave reaches land, however, it starts to drag on the bottom. Then
the water also moves. See WAVES.
The wind
causes most ocean waves, from small ripples to giant hurricane waves more than
100 feet (30 meters) high. It makes the familiar lapping waves seen at the
beach or from a ship. The size of such waves depends on wind speed, on how long
the wind blows, and on how far it blows over the ocean. As the wind continues
to blow out at sea, the waves grow to their greatest size and then break. The
breaking waves are called whitecaps. After the wind stops, the waves continue
to move over the ocean surface and can travel great distances from where they
originated. They become smoother and longer. Finally, the waves reach the
shoreline, where they break and form the surf.
The action
of ocean waves changes the shoreline. Waves cut away sloping land and leave steep
cliffs. They break up exposed rocks and form beaches. The movement of the waves
and currents shapes beaches and builds up sand bars along the shore. Waves also
carry beach sand away, particularly during storms when the waves are high and
choppy.
Another
type of wave results from sudden movements of the sea floor that are usually
caused by earthquakes. Scientists call such waves tsunamis. Some people call
these waves tidal waves, though the tide does not cause them. On the surface of
the open ocean, tsunamis can barely be seen. The waves measure only about 1
inch (2.5 centimeters) high. But they can travel as
fast as 600 miles (970 kilometers) per hour. As they
approach a coast, they slow down and may pile up to a tremendous height,
causing great damage along the coast. Tsunamis have destroyed large towns and
drowned hundreds of people. Most tsunamis strike land areas in or bordering the
Tides are
the rhythmic rise and fall of the ocean waters. Every day, the water slowly
rises along the shoreline for about six hours. Then it slowly falls back for
about six hours. Tides are caused chiefly by the gravitational pull of the moon
on the earth. The pull is strongest on the side of the earth facing the moon. The
moon's gravity pulls up the water directly below it, forming a high tide at
that point. In addition, the earth's rotation, which tends to make water fly
away from the earth's surface, causes water to pile up slightly on the side
opposite the moon. At any one time, the moon's gravity therefore produces two
bulges, or high tide areas, on the ocean.
The sun's
gravitational pull also affects the ocean. But the distance between the sun and
the earth is much greater than that between the moon and the earth. As a
result, the sun causes tides only about half as high as those caused by the
moon. The gravitational pull of the moon and sun combine during the full moon
and new moon. At such times, the sun, moon, and earth are in a straight line. The
tides then rise higher and fall lower than usual. They are called spring tides.
When the moon is in its first and third quarters, the sun and moon are at right
angles to each other. The resulting tides do not rise or fall as much as usual.
They are called neap tides.
Phytologie: Ohrenschmerz:
Salzsäckchen
Schwellung :
Salzsäckchen mit geröstetem Salz
Salzpackung
wie Kneipppackung,