Vitamin C Anhang = E 300
Dr. Wurster: Ein Apfel mit 30mg Vitamin C hat eine Wirkung auf den Organismus wie 1200mg isoliertes Vitamin C.
Dr. Tinus
Smits: Vitamin C seems to play an essential role in protecting children against
adverse effects of vaccination. Dr. Archie Kalokerinos
witnessed a twofold
increase in child mortality among
Aboriginals after vaccination. When he
gave vitamin C, he reduced the mortality to practically zero.
17.11.2004
Von Jochen Kubitschek
Erst vor wenigen Tagen haben Mediziner vor einer Herz-Kreislauf-Gefahr durch Vitamin-E-Pillen gewarnt. Nun gerät auch synthetisches Vitamin C ins Zwielicht:
Eine Langzeitstudie besagt, dass die Pillen das Risiko einer lebensbedrohlichen Herzkrankheit zumindest für Diabetiker drastisch erhöhen können.
Journal of Applied Nutrition Vol. 23, No's 3 & 4, Winter 1971
Observations On the Dose and Administration of Ascorbic Acid When
Employed Beyond the Range of a Vitamin in Human Pathology
Frederick R. Klenner, M.D., F,C,C.P.
SUMMARY
The types of pathology treated with massive doses of ascorbic acid run
the entire gamut of medical knowledge. Body needs are so great that so called
minimal daily requirements must be ignored.
A genetic error is the probable cause for our inability to manufacture
ascorbic acid, thus requiring exogenous sources of vitamin C. Simple dye or
chemical test are available
for checking individual needs. Ascorbic acid destroys virus bodies by
taking up the protein coat so that new units cannot be made, by contributing to
the break-down of virus nucleic acid with the result of controlled purine metabolism. Its action in dealing with virus
pneumonia and virus encephalitis has been outlined. The clinical use of vitamin
C
in pneumonia has a very sound foundation. In experimental tests monkeys
kept on a vitamin C free diet all died of pneumonia while those with adequate
diets remained healthy. Many investigators have shown an increased need for
ascorbic acid iq this condition.63,64 Brody in 1953
after studying vitamin C and colds in college students advised that ascorbic
acid be given early and often in sufficient amounts. Regnier
reporting in review of Allergy found that the larger the dose of ascorbic acid
the better
were the results. Our findings resulted in a schedule of one gram each
hour for 48 hours and then 10 grams each day by mouth. Those under ten at least
one gram for each
year of life.
Virus Encephalitis.
Virus encephalitis is a deadly syndrome and must be treated heroicly with intravenous +/o. intramuscular injections of
ascorbic acid. We recommend a dose schedule of
from 350 mg to 700 mg per Kg. body weight diluted to at least 18 c.c. of
5D water to each gram of "C". In small children, 2 and 3 grams can be
given intramuscularly,
every 2 hours. An ice cap to the buttock will prevent soreness and induration. Ascorbic acid in amounts under 400 mg per Kg.
body weight can be administered intravenously with a syringe in dilutions of 5
c.c. to each one gram provided the ampoule is buffered with sodium bicarbonate
with sodium Bisulfite added. As much as 12 grams can
be given in this manner with a 50 c.c. syringe. Larger amounts must be diluted
with "bottle" dextrose or "saline" solutions and run in by
needle drip. This is true because amounts like 20 to 25 grams which can be
given with a 100 c.c. syringe can suddenly dehydrate the cerebral cortex so as
to produce convulsive movements of the legs. This represents a peculiar
syndrome, symptomatic epilepsy, in which the patient is mentally clear and
experiences no discomfiture except that the lower extremities are in mild
convulsion. This epileptiform type seizure will
continue for 20 plus minutes and then abruptly stop. Mild pressure on the knees
will stop the seizure so long as pressure is maintained. If still within the
time limit of the seizure the spasm will re-appear by simply withdrawing the
hand pressure. I have seen this in two patients receiving 26 grams
intravenously with a 100 c.c. syringe on the 2nd injection. One patient had
poliomyelitis, the other malignant measles. Both were adults. I have duplicated
this on myself to prove no after effects. Intramuscular injections are always
500 mg to 1 c.c. solution. With continuous intravenous injections of large
amounts of ascorbic acid, at least one gram of calcium gluconate
must be added to the fluids each day. This is done because we have found that
massive doses of ascorbic acid pulls free calcium ions from the vicinity of the
platelets or from the calcium-prothrombin complex as
the lactone ring of dehydroascorbic
acid is opened.
The first sign of calcium ion loss is "nose bleeding". This
differs from the nosebleed found, at times, in cases of chicken pox or measles.
Here it represents frank scurvy from vitamin C deficiency.
The pathology being "Capillary fragility".
Burns.
A new treatment for burns has been outlined, which if followed will
eliminate skin grafting and plastic surgery. It is probably too simple to gain early
acceptance.
The literature has been suggesting the value of ascorbic acid in burns
for many years. Proper local application and the amount for systemic usage has
been misleading.
One only need see one case properly treated with ascorbic acid to appreciate
its importance. If ascorbic acid can destroy the exotoxin
of tetanus, as Jungeblut demonstrated,
it can also destroy the exotoxin of
Pseudomonas. Ascorbic acid plays an important role in maintaining fluid balance
in the body. Ruskin pointed out that the vitamin activates an enzyme arginase, which breaks down the amino acid arginine, resulting in production of urea which is one key
to tissue fluid balance.
Pregnancy.
The simple stress of pregnancy demands supplemental vitamin C. This
amount will vary with the individual. The silver nitrate-urine text will
simplify these findings.
Vitamin C seems especially concerned with mesenchymal
tissue. When one considers the demands of the fetus
and infant, especially premature babies, it is obvious that
high vitamin C intakes are required during pregnancy because this
"parasite" will drain available "C" from the mother. Greenblatt reports excellent results following the oral
administration of vitamin C in the therapy of habitual abortion. In my own
practice I was able to take women who had had as many as five abortions without
a successful pregnancy and carry them through two and three uneventful
pregnancies with the use of supplemental vitamin C. The German literature is
"stacked" with articles recommending high doses of vitamin C during
gestation because they believe that this substance is of great benefit in
influencing the health of the mother and in preventing infections. The vital
contribution of ascorbic acid to the body tissues can be summed up in the formation
and maintenance of normal intercellular material, especially
in the connective tissue, bones, teeth, and blood vessels. Genetic
errors might be prevented if prospective mothers were advised to take 10 or
more grams of ascorbic acid daily. It is significant that we found in the
simple stress of pregnancy, a normal physiological process, that equivalent
requirements paralleled those found in the rat when under stress. Experiments
by King et al.68 have shown that the need for supplemental vitamin C begins
with the embryo.
The "scare" factor of large doses of ascorbic vs, kidney stones has been laid to rest. Since the urine is
usually pH6, one can see that the opening of the lactone
ring is a slow process. This reaction takes place in tissues and is probably
regulated by the amount of glutathione present. The important considerations
are that one must have a concentrated urine, that stasis must be a factor and
that the urine must be alkaline for any appreciable amounts of the crystalloids
to precipitate out. This will never occur with massive ascorbic acid therapy.
Furthermore, it has been shown that the controls in a given experiment had
almost as much oxalic acid spill as did those volunteers taking 9 grams of
ascorbic acid daily.
Insect - Snake Bites.
The quickness of results in snake bite, spider bite, hornet stings and
caterpillar reactions demonstrates the usefulness in saving lives. It is best
to give the vitamin intravenously with a syringe since bottle preparations are
too time consuming. One precaution must be given. There exist a 2 gram ascorbic
acid ampule, and ironically it is the only one to
my knowledge approved by the F.D.A., which might "kill" if
used undiluted in a syringe. This lethal factor is due to the preservatives
added. Each ampule contains 2 grams sodium ascorbate. Vehicle contains: Monothioglycerol
0.14%; Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate 0.05%; Methyl Paraben 0.13%; Propyl Paraben 0.015%. Neutralized to pH6 with Sodium Bicarbonate;
Water for injection q.s.
This ampoule can be used intravenously ONLY when diluted to at least 25
c.c. to one gram. One sometimes will be confronted with extraordinary allergic
and shock symptoms along with acute respiratory obstruction. In these situation
one must employ Benadryl intravenously and/or intramuscularly and an adrenocortical hormone such
as Decadron. These can be given by a nurse
while the ascorbic acid is being prepared. In their absence a second
"syringe" dose of ascorbic acid will suffice. Fluids by mouth should
be given to prevent or correct thirst which all patients seem to experience.
Large doses of ascorbic acid do not cause diabetes mellitus in humans as
has been suggested. On the contrary 10 grams daily, by mouth, has proved to be
beneficial.
The fact that 10 grams will allow them to heal wounds like normal
individuals will save many legs in. the future. Lamden,
a bio-chemist, instigated these fears by misinterpretation of the results
reported by Patterson using the Ketone formula
intravenously in rats.
In Surgery.
In surgery the use of ascorbic acid resolves itself into a
"must" situation. The 24 hour frank scurvy levels should be
sufficient evidence to encourage all surgeons to use vitamin C freely in their
fluids. Proper employment of vitamin C by the surgeons will all but eliminate
the post-surgery deaths.
In Malignancy.
The part very large doses of ascorbic acid given intravenously over a
prolonged period offers a medical challenge. From cabbage and tomatoes grown in
the carbon-14 chambers radioactive ascorbic acid can be extracted, which can be
used in tracer studies. At least one re-search team has demonstrated that in
cancer all available "C" is mobilized at the site of the malignancy. Lauber and Rosenfeld reported that "C" is
mobilized from the tissues of the body and selectively concentrated in
traumatized areas.
In one hopeless case we administered 17 grams daily for 92 consecutive
days without changing the blood or urine levels from that associated with
scurvy. This is the reason
we believe a dose range of 100 grams to 300 grams daily by continuous
intravenous drip for a period of several months might prove surprisingly
profitable. Blood chemistry should be followed daily with such an
investigation. Schlegel found that even a dose of 1.5 grams a day, by mouth,
would prevent bladder cancer.
Barbiturate Poisoning.
Our findings in no less than 15 cases of barbiturate poisoning suggested
that no death should occur from this error in judgment. We also observed the
dramatic effect of 12 grams intravenously on blood pressure associated with
shock. The shock seen in heat stroke had been corrected by the time the
injection was completed. The dose range used was 500 mg per Kg body weight.
Tetanus - Trichinosis
The use of ascorbic acid with Tolserol in the
treatment of Tetanus should be accepted as universal treatment. Here again the
dose must be proper. Our case as reported will serve as a guide in making these
calculations. Ascorbic acid along with Para-Aminobenzoic
acid is curative in Trichinosis. Both drugs are administered by mouth. It is
estimated that at least 5 niillion cases of chronic
Trichinosis exists in the
Viral Hepatitis.
Ascorbic acid is the drug of choice in viral hepatitis. The dose used
ranges from 400 mg to 600 mg per Kg body weight, depending on the severity of
the disease.
It should be given every 8 to 12 hours. Ten grams ascorbic acid daily in
divided doses is also given by mouth. Those under 10 years the usual schedule
of at least one gram
for each year of life.
Multiple Uses.
We have reviewed many other pathological conditions in which ascorbic
acid plays an important part in recovery. To these might be added
Cardiovascular Diseases, Hypermenorrhea, Peptic and
Duodenal Ulcers, Post-operative and Radiation Sickness, Rheumatic Fever,
Scarlet Fever, Poliomyelitis, Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis, Tularemia, Whooping Cough and Tuberculosis. In one case
of scarlet fever in which Penicillin and the Sulfa
drugs were showing no improvement, fifty grams ascorbic acid given
intravenously resulted in a dramatic drop in the fever curve to normal. Here
the action of ascorbic acid was not only direct but also as a synergist. A
similar situation was observed in a case of lobar pneumonia. In another case of
purperal sepsis following a criminal abortion the
initial dose of ascorbic acid was 1200 mg per Kg body weight and two subsequent
injections were at the 600 mg level. Along with Penicillin and Sulfadiazine an
admission temperature of 105.4° F. was normal in nine hours. The patient made
an uneventful recovery. In one spectacular case of Black Widow69 spider bite in
a 3 1/2 year old child, in coma, one gram calcium gluconate
and 4 grams of ascorbic acid was administered intravenously when first seen in
the office. Four grams ascorbic acid was then given every six hours using a 20
c.c. syringe. She was awake and well in 24 hours. Physical examination showed a
comatosed child with a rigid abdomen. The area about
the umbilicus was red and indurated, suggesting a
strangulated hernia. With a 4 power 1ense, fang marks were in evidence. Thirty
hours after starting the vitamin C therapy the child expelled a large amount of
dark clotted blood. There was no other residual. A review of the literature
confirmed that this individual has been the only one to survive with such
findings; the others were reported at autopsy. Ten grams vitamin C and 200 mg
to 400 mg vitamin B-6, by mouth, daily will "shield" one from
mosquito bites. 20% will also require 100 m vitamin B-6 intramuscalarly
each week.
Motion sickness
General Nutrition.
Vitamin C plays a very important role in general nutrition. Deficiency of
this substance in sufficient amounts can be a factor in loss of appetite, loss
of weight or failure to grow, muscular weakness, anemia
and various skin lesions. The relationship between vitamin C and the health of
the gums and teeth has long been recognized. Laboratory studies on gum-teeth
connective tissue have reaffirmed this relationship.70 Our son who will be 19
in July has never developed a tooth cavity. Since age 10 he has received
at least 10 grams ascorbic acid, daily, by mouth. Before age 10 the
amount given was on a sliding scale.
Intra-Venous
Application.
Ascorbic acid must be given by needle to bring about quick reversal of
various "insults" to the human body. We have found that doses must
range from 350 mg to 1200 mg
per Kg body weight. Under 400 mg per Kg of body weight the injection can
be made with a syringe provided the vitamin is buffered with sodium bicarbonate
with Sodium Bisulfite added. Above 400 mg doses per
Kg body weight, and a particular ampoule described in this summary, the vitamin
must be diluted to at least 18 c.c. of 5% dextrose in water, saline in water or
Ringer's solution. Many times Adenosine 5-Monophosphate, 25 mg in children and
50 to 100 mg in adults, given intramuscularly, is necessary to achieve results.
The aquous solution is more effective for quick
results, although Adenosine in Gel can be employed. In debilitated individuals
or when the pathology is serious, Desoxycorticosterone
Acetate (DCA), aquous solution, must also be added to
the schedule. Usually 2.5 mg for children and 5 mg for adults is the daily
intramuscular dose required. Sudden swelling of the feet indicates abnormal
sensitivity and the drug must be discontinued.
Editor's Note:
Because of the unusually high amounts of ascorbic acid used in Dr. Klenner's treatment, as reported in his paper, we asked him
to verify amounts mentioned.
Following is his answer:
"To the Editor of the ICAN Journal: This will confirm that all
'quantity' factors given in my paper are correct and can be confirmed from hospital
and medical office records. The notation relative to 150 grams represents the
amount used for reversing pathology in a given case and was the amount given
over a period of 24 hours. (The I.V. was continuous.) This was given in three
bottles of 5D water, decanting only enough from 1000 cc to be replaced by the
'C' ampules.
"Recently the FDA has published a 'warning' that too much soda-ascobate might be harmful, referring to the sodium ion. In
reply to this I can state that for many years I have taken 10 to 20 grams of
sodium ascorbate by mouth daily, and my blood sodium
remains normal. These levels are checked by an approved laboratory. 20 grams
each day and my urine remains at or just above pH 6“.
Signed: FRED R. KLENNER, M.D.
Ancient History and Homespun
Vitamin C Therapies
Folklore of past civilizations report that for every disease afflicting
man there is an herb or its equivalent that will effect a cure.
1. In Puerto Rico the story has long been told "that to have the
health tree Acerola in one's back yard would keep
colds out of the front door“. The ascorbic acid content of this cherry-like
fruit is 30x that found in oranges.
2. In
Children one cupful; adults two to three cupfuls. Cups those days held
eight ounces. 20th century man seemingly forgets that his ancestors
made crude drugs from various plants and roots, and that these decoctions,
infusions, juices, powders, pills and ointments served his purpose. Elegant
pharmacy has only made the forms and shapes more acceptable.
Early specifications, action and
dosages for administrations.
To understand the chemical behavior of
ascorbic acid in human pathology, one must go beyond its present academic
status either as a factor essential for life or as a substance necessary to prevent
scurvy. This knowledge is elementary.
In Food and Life Yearbook 1939, U.S. Department of Agriculture: "In
fact even when there is not a single outward symptom of trouble, a person may
be in a state of vitamin C deficiency more dangerous than scurvy itself. When
such a condition is not detected, and continues un-corrected, the teeth and
bones will be damaged, and what may be even more serious, the blood stream is
weakened to the point where it can no longer resist or fight infections not so
easily cured as scurvy“.
It is true that without these infinitesimal amounts myriads of body
processes would deteriorate and even come to a fatal halt.
Ascorbic acid has many important functions. It is a powerful oxidizer
and when given in massive amounts; that is, 50 grams to 150 grams,
intravenously, for certain pathological conditions, and "run in" as
fast as 20 Gauge needle will allow, it acts as a "Flash Oxidizer”, often
correcting the pathology within minutes. Ascorbic acid is also
a powerful reducing agent. Its neutralizing action on certain toxins, exotoxins, virus infections, endotoxins
and histamine is in direct proportion to the amount of the lethal factor
involved and the amount of ascorbic acid given.
At times it is necessary to use ascorbic acid intramuscularly. It should
always be used orally, when possible, along with the needle.
Scurvy historically the target; todays goal of high blood levels to cope with self induced
abuses and physiological traumas.
If one is to employ ascorbic acid intelligently, some index for
requirements must be realized. Unfortunately there exists today a sort of
"brand" called "minimum daily requirements“.
This illegitimate "child" has been co-fathered by the National
Academy of Science and The National Re-search Council and represents a tragic
error in judgement.
There are many factors which increase the demand for ascorbic acid, and
unless these are appreciated, at least by physicians, there can be no real
progress. It is vitally important that cognizance be taken of the demand for
ascorbic acid far beyond so-called scorbutic levels. Briefly these demands can
be summarized:
1) The age of the individual;
2) Habits -- such as smoking, the use of
alcohol, playing habits;
3) Sleep, especially when induced artificially;
4) Trauma, -- trauma caused by a pathogen, the
trauma of work, the trauma of surgery, the trauma to the body produced
accidentally or intentionally;
5) Kidney threshold;
6) Environment;
7) Physiological stress;
8) Season of the year;
9) Loss by stool;
10) Variations in individual absorption;
11) Variations in "binders" in
commercial tablets;
12) Body chemistry;
13) Drugs;
14) Pesticides;
15) Body weight;
16) Inadequate storage.
Flexible dosage standards explained as minimal standards.
With such knowledge it is no longer possible to accept a set numerical
unit in terms of minimal daily requirements. This is true because of the simple
fact that people are different and these same people experience different
situations at various times. With ascorbic acid, today's adequate supply means
little or nothing in terms of the needs for tomorrow. Start thinking in terms
of maximum requirements. For too long a time we have under supplied our
children and ourselves by accepting through negative ignorance and acquiescence
so-called standards.
Based on scant data on mammalian synthesis, available for the rat, a
70-Kg. individual would produce 1.8 grams to 4.0 grams of ascorbic acid per day
in the unstressed condition.
Under stress, up to 15.2 grams. Compared to the 70 mg recommended for
daily requirements without stress and 200 mg for the simple stress of the
obstetrical patient, and you will recognize the disparity and understand why we
have been waging a one man war against the establishment in
Ascorbic acid not synthesized by man
Work on mammalian biosynthesis of ascorbic acid indicates that the
vitamin C story as is generally accepted represents an over simplication
of available evidence.
This often leads to misinterpretations and false impressions. It has
been proposed that the biochemical lesion which produces the human need for
exogenous sources of ascorbic acid, is the absence of the active enzyme, l-gulonolactone oxidase from the
human liver11. A defect or loss of the gene controlling the synthesis of this
enzyme in man, blocks the final phase in the series for converting glucose to
ascorbic acid. Virus can mutate cells, X-Rays can do it and it can occur by
chance. Such a mutation could have happened, denying all progenies of this
mutated animal the ability to produce ascorbic acid. Survival demanded ascorbic
acid from an exogenous source. This is not remarkable.
Other recognized genetic diseases in which a missing enzyme causes a
pathological syndrome, in man, are phenylketonuria, galactosemia and alkaptonuria.
It is worthy to note that Sealock and Goodland
have ascribed to ascorbic acid the faculty of being the necessary co-enzyme in
the metabolic oxidation of tyrosine.
The velocity of the oxidation in this reaction is dependent upon the
concentration of vitamin C. Tyrosine is essential in breaking down protein to
usable amino acid.
The scorbutic guinea-pig's liver is unable to oxidize tyrosine except in
the presence of ascorbic acid. This suggests a lead in the study of the
metabolic abnormality-Alkaptonuria-in humans.
Ascorbic acid administration will correct the alkaptonuria
of the scorbutic guinea pig. Its effect on human alkaptonuria
has been inconsistent.
The reason: Inadequate use of ascorbic acid.
Bio-chemist Irwin
Stone's concept has practical value
The inability of man to manufacture his own ascorbic acid, due to
genetic fault, has been called "hypoascorbemia"
by Irwin Stone. This is another reason for abolishing the present concept of daily
minimal requirements. The physiological requirements in man are no different
from other mammals capable of carrying out this synthesis.
Various procedures testing for the
vitamin C levels and Requirements of the body.
Various tests have been employed to determine the degree of body
saturation of vitamin C, but for the most part they have been misleading. Blood
and urine samples analyzed with 2:6 dichlorophenol indophenol will give values roughly 7% less than when
testing with dinitrophenol hydrazine. Gothlin advocates the capillary fragility test which is
similar to the tourniquent test of Hess in results.
Both can be used to estimate the quantity of vitamin C necessary to maintain
capillary integrity. The intradermal test of Rotter as modified by Slobody13 is again gaining new
recruits. In principle it is the same as the lingual test of Ringdorf and Cheraskin14 since both are based on the time
required to decolorize dye. The lingual test is rapid and simple to perform but
it requires a syringe with a 25 gauge needle and a stop watch. Since the dye
methods depend on the reduction of the reagent by vitamin C, any substance
having a reducing potential lower than the dye is a possible source of
interference. 20 Years ago we choose to measure,
as a therapeutic gauge, the amount of vitamin C in urine by borrowing on
its ability to reduce qualitative Benedict's solution. A 2 plus Benedict's
reaction in a known dextrose free urine was accepted as a standard. This test
was helpful in gauging requirements for simple stress, but not accurate
enough when using needle therapy. 15 years ago we developed the Silver
Nitrate-Urine15 test. This test employs 10 drops of 5% silver nitrate and 10
drops urine which is placed in a Wasserman tube. Read in two minutes it will
give a color pattern showing white, beige, smoke gray
or charcoal or various combinations of any two depending upon the degree of
saturation.
We have found this color index test is all one
will need for establishing the correct amount of ascorbic acid to use by mouth,
by muscle, by vein in the handling of all types of human pathology either as
the specific drug or as an adjuvant with other antibiotics or neutralizing
chemicals. In severe pathological conditions the urine sample, taken every four
hours, must show a fine charcoal-like precipitation with a clear supernatant
liquid if positive clinical results are to be realized. Spilling in the urine
is not new.
Abraham and Keefer have demonstrated that when penicillin is injected
intravenously, excretions in the urine account for 60% of the administered
dose.
Role played by ascorhic acid in intercellular reactions, neutralizing,
possibly controlling virus production.
In 1935
The simple structure characteristic of tobacco mosaic virus was soon
found to be a basic property of many human viruses such as coxsackie
virus, and polioviruses - they all contain only ribonucleic acid and protein.
There exist minor variations. Adenoviruses contain desoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and protein. Other viruses such as that causing influenza contain
added lipid and polysaccharides. Desoxyribonucleic
acid is used to program the large viruses, like mumps, ribonucleic acid is used
to program the small viruses, like measles. The role of the protein coat is to
protect the parasitic but unstable nucleic acid as it rides the "blood
highway" or "lymphatic system" to gain specific cell entry. Pure
viral nucleic acid without its protein coat can be inactivated by constituents
of
normal blood. There are several theories as to what happens after cell entry:
1) Once inside a given cell. the virus nucleic acid sheds its protein
coat and proceeds to modify the host cell by either creating mutations or by
directly substituting its own nucleic acid;
2) The infectious nucleic acid, after entering a human cell, retains its
protein coat and starts to produce its own type protein coat16 and viral
nucleic acid, so that new units can either
depart to enter other cells or by destruction of the cell, thus making
the infection more severe;
3) The introduction of a foreign fragment of nucleic acid in the
cell-virus interaction approach as postulated by Starr17. In the Starr theory
there can exist cells with partial chromosome make-up and cells with
multi-nuclei. Hiliary Kropowski
holds that these partial cells are 'pseudo-virons"18 and are found in some
tumor-virus infections.
A key factor in the Starr-Kropowski thinking
is that the cell maintains its biological integrity to support virus
development despite the abnormal morphology and genetic deficiency. If these invaded
cells could be destroyed or the invader neutralized the illness would suddenly
terminate. Ascorbic acid has the capability of entering all cells. Under normal
circumstances its presence is beneficial to the cell, however, when the cell
has been invaded by a foreign substance, like virus nucleic acid, enzymic action
by ascorbic acid contributes to the breakdown of virus nucleic acid to
adenosine deaminase which converts adenosine to inosine. The net result is to lead to purines
which
are extensively catabilized and not to p+urines which are utilized for further nucleic acid.
Ascorbic acid also joins with the available virus protein, making a new
macromolecule which acts as the repressor factor. It has been demonstrated that
when combined with the repressor, the operator gene, virus nucleic acid, cannot
react with any other substance and cannot induce activity in the structural
gene, therefore inhibiting the multiplication of new virus bodies. The tensile
strength of the cell membrane is exceeded by these macromolecules with rupture
and destruction.
3) Another hypothesis is that vitamin C acts to create new "L"
viruses which are impotent. Still another, that the "binding" alone
is sufficient to destroy the virus.
Burns - degrees explained and some therapy
rational.
In the treatment of burns ascorbic acid, in sufficient amounts, reflects
itself as a truly miracle substance. In the early forties, when I was using
ascorbic acid, intramuscularly,
in treating bacillary dysentery, shiga type,
with excellent results,
of burns. One or two grams each day, in fluids, was the recognized dose.
Burns are at the beginning first degree and some remain as just an erythema. Many times the first degree burn progresses
rapidly to the second degree stage and remains as "blisters". Still
others go on to third degree which usually is more pronounced on the third plus
post burn day. There is a fourth stage which results from lack of knowledge in
treatment. It terminates with skin grafting and plastic surgery. We believe
that ascorbic acid will eliminate the fourth stage and the third stage if used
as we will later program.
Burns - continued
descriptive and related therapies.
The pathologic physiology of a burn wound from the moment of the
accident is in a state of dynamic change until the wound heals or the patient
dies. The primary consideration is the phenomenon of blood sludging
originally recognized by Knisely in 1945.26,27
Initially there is intravascular agglutination of red blood cells into
distinctly visible, smooth, hard, rigid, basic masses. Lofstrom
in 1959 demonstrated that the oxygen uptake by the tissues is greatly reduced
because of the sludging and therefore reduced rate of
flow. Berkeley28 in 1960 concluded that this phenomenon of sludging
or agglutination results in capillary thrombosis in the area of the burn,
extending proximally to involve the large arterioles and venules
and thereby creating tissue destruction greater than that originally produced
by the burn. Anoxia produces added tissue destruction.
Lam: reported in 1941 a marked decrease in the plasma ascorbic acid
concentration in patients with severe burns. Klasson32 although limiting the
amount of ascorbic acid to
a dose range of 300 mg to 2000 mg daily, in divided doses, found that it
hastened the healing of wounds by producing healthy granulation tissue and also
that it reduced local oedema. He rationalized that ascrobic
acid used locally as a 2% dressing possessed astringent properties similar to
hydrogen peroxide.
He also reported that antibiotic therapy was rarely necessary.
Severe burns and
related therapy.
Harlen Stone33 suggested the use of gentamicin in major burns to lower the Sepsis. caused by pseudomonas. Absorption of its exotoxin from the infected burn wound inhibits the
bacterial defense mechanism of the reticuloendothelial system. Death can result either from
the toxaemia alone or from an associated septicaemia.
We have found that the secret in treating burns can be summarized in
five steps:
1) The use of the "old covered wagon" type cradle when
indicated, with 3 25 watt bulbs. The patient controls the heat by turning on
and off the first bulb as needed to keep warm. No garments or dressings are
allowed;
2) The employment of a 3% ascorbic acid solution as a spray over the
entire area of the burn. The spray can be applied with a Devilbis
unit using an ordinary portable pressure pump. The old type "flit gun can
also be used or even a 50 c.c. syringe with a 20 gauge needle. The 3% solution
is used every 2 - 4 hours for a period of roughly five days;
3) The use of vitamin A and D ointment over the area of the burn and
this is now alternated, q4h with the 3% ascorbic acid solution;
4) The administration of massive doses of ascorbic acid by vein and by
mouth. 500 mg per Kg. body weight diluted to at least 18 c.c. per gram vitamin
C using 5% dextrose in water, saline in water or Ringers solution and for the
initial injection, run in as fast as a 20 gauge needle or catheter will carry
the flow. Cut-downs are frequently necessary and the foot-ankle area is
recommended. Vitamin C solution is repeated every 8 hours for the first several
days, then at 12 hour intervals. Ascorbic acid, by mouth, is given to
tolerance. Loose stools is accepted as an index. Using large doses of ascorbic
acid I.V. will necessitate the administration of at least one gram calcium gluconate, daily, to replace free calcium ions removed in
the breakdown chemical action as ascorbic acid goes to dehydroascorbic
acid, then to ketogulonic acid and later to oxalic acid
as the calcium salt;
5) Supportative treatment; that is, whole
blood and maintaining electrolite balance. If seen
early after the burn there will be no infections and no eschar
formations.
This eliminates fluid formation, since the eschar
traps will not exist and there will be no distal oedema because the venous and
lymphatic systems will remain open.
There will be no arterial obstruction and no nerve compression.
Pseudomonas will not be a problem, since ascorbic acid destroys the exotoxin systemically and locally.
Even if the burn is seen late when pseudomonas is a major problem the
gram negative bacilli will be destroyed in a few days leaving a clean healthy
surface. I have seen eschars 2 inches wide and 1/2
inch thick, severely infected so that stench had to be controlled with
deodorizing sprays, melt away when employing the method outlined. Ascorbic acid
also eliminates pain so that opiates or their equivalent are not required. In
extremely extensive burns that involve back and front of the patient, the
"Hoverbed" employed by the British should be considered. It uses the
same principle as the hovercraft to lift a solid object. What has been
overlooked in burns is that there are many living epithelial cells in the areas
that grossly look like "raw muscle“. With the use of ascorbic acid these
cells are kept viable, will multiply and soon meet with other proliferating
units in the establishment of a new integument.
Regarding personal and environmental
pollution-carbon monoxide.
We are all plagued with varying degrees of chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning. This is the price we pay for putting our "railroads" on
our highways, smoking and being too lazy to walk. Small amounts of carbon
monoxide, if constantly maintained in the alveoli, can produce serious effects.
Carbon monoxide in the inspired air leads to oxygen deficiency in the tissues
causing extreme exhaustion. The affinity of carbon monoxide for haemoglobin is
roughly 300 times as great as that for oxygen. In addition to active
replacement of oxy-haemoglobin the presence of some proportion of carboxy-haemoglobin decreases the dissociability
of such oxy-haemoglobin as remains. Carbon monoxide can be released from
haemoglobin if the patient is exposed to high pressure of oxygen, 93% along
with 7% carbon dioxide. This is not always available. Ascorbic acid in the
blood is constantly losing molecules of water. Perfectly dry carbon monoxide
and oxygen cannot unite to form carbon dioxide, but carbon monoxide and water
may give rise to carbon dioxide in the complete absence of oxygen. The
reactions which take place are CO + H2O = HCOOH CO2 + H2 (Wright). Here the
oxygen of the water has been used to oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide
with the liberation of hydrogen. Glutathione may facilitate this cellular oxidation
by acting as a hydrogen acceptor (Hopkins). Clinical experience suggests that
if sufficient ascorbic acid is suddenly placed into the blood stream - 12 grams
to 50 grams - that through "Flash Oxidation" a concentration of
oxygen is made high enough to pull carbon monoxide from hemoglobin
to form carbon dioxide. This rapidly formed carbon dioxide acts with the high
oxygen tension to serve the same purpose as when given by "mask,"
further enhancing the chemical action taking place. Ascorbic acid will also
prevent residuals such as paralysis, blindness, interference with sensations,
muscle spasms or twitching which in some cases can be permanent.
Primary and lasting benefits in
pregnancy.
Observations made on over 300 consecutive obstetrical cases using supplemental
ascorbic acid, by mouth, convinced me that failure to use this agent in
sufficient amounts
in pregnancy borders on malpractice. The lowest amount of ascorbic acid
used was 4 grams and the highest amount 15 grams each day. (Remember the rat-no
stress manufactures equivalent "C" up to 4 grams and with stress up
to 15.2 grams). Requirements were roughly 4 grams first trimester, 6 grams
second trimester and 10 grams third trimester. Approximately 20% required 15
grams, each day, during last trimester. 80% of this series received a booster
injection of 10 grams, intravenously, on admission to
the hospital. Haemoglobin levels were much easier to maintain. Leg
cramps were less than three% and always was associated with "getting
out" of Vitamin C tablets.
Striae gravidarum
was seldom encountered and when it was present there existed an associated
problem of too much eating and too little walking. The capacity of the skin to
resist the pressure of an expanding uterus will also vary in different individuals.
Labor was shorter and less painful. There were no
postpartum haemorrhages.
The perineum was found to be remarkably elastic and episiotomy was
performed electively. Healing was always by first intention and even after 15
and 20 years following the last child the firmness of the perineum is found to
be similar to that of a primigravida in those who
have continued their daily supplemental vitamin C. No patient required
catheterization. No toxic manifestations were demonstrated in this series.
There was no cardiac stress even though 22 patients of the series had rheumatic
hearts.
One patient in particular was carried through two pregnancies without
complications. She had been warned by her previous obstetrician that a second
pregnancy would terminate with a maternal death. She received no ascorbic acid
with her first pregnancy. This lady has been back teaching school for the past
10 years. She still takes 10 grams of ascorbic acid daily. Infants born under
massive ascorbic acid therapy were all robust. Not a single case required
resuscitation. We experienced no feeding problems. The Fultz quadruplets were
in this series. They took milk nourishment on the 2nd day.
These babies were started on 50 mg ascorbic acid the 1st day and, of
course, this was increased as time went on. Our only nursery equipment was one
hospital bed, an old, used single unit hot plate and an equally old 10 quart
kettle. Humidity and ascorbic acid tells this story. They are the only
quadruplets that have survived in southeastern
All are living and well. They are frequently referred to as the vitamin
C kids, in fact all of the babies from this series were called "Vitamin C
Babies" by the nursing personnel--they were distinctly different.
How concerned should we be about oxalic acid. and kidney stones.? A technical explanation.
One of the "scare" weapons used by the critics on high daily
doses of ascorbic acid is the oxalic acid-kidney stone hypothesis. Meakins states that the chief factors in the formation of
renal calculi are perversions of metabolic processes, infection and stasis in
the urinary tract.
Two schools of thought on stone formation:
1) That there is a central nucleus of colloids on which the crystalloids
are precipitated;
2) That the crystalloids are deposited from the urine in which they are
present in concentrated solution, in which salt and hydrogen ion concentrations
are important factors.
In all cases stasis and a concentrated urine appear to be the chief
physiological factors. The only way that oxalic acid can be produced from ascorbic
acid is through splitting
of the lactone ring. This happens above pH5.
The reaction of urine when 10 grams of vitamin C is taken daily is usually pH6.
Oxalic acid precipitates out of solution only
from a neutral or alkaline solution-pH7 to pH10. Kelli and Zilva37
reported that "Nutrition experiments showed that dehydroascorbic
acid is protected in vivo from rapid transformation to the antiscorbutically
impotent diketogulonic acid from which oxalic acid is
derived. Values reported in the literature for normal 24 hour urinary oxalate
excretions for humans range from 14 mg to 56 mg. Lamden
et al.38 found in a group of volunteers that the ingestion of 9 grams ascorbic
acid daily resulted in oxalate spills
as high as 68 mg for 24 hours and in the controls without extra vitamin
C the high was 64 mg for a 24 hour period. These critics have overlooked the
individual with diabetes mellitis. The amount of
oxalic acid found in the diabetic patient approximates that found in the urine
of a normal person taking 10 grams vitamin C each day. With the diabetic we
find a paradox. Give this individual 10 grams ascorbic acid daily, by mouth,
and the urinary oxalate excretion remains relatively unchanged. Diabetics are
known for their diuresis. The individual who takes 10
or more grams of vitamin C each day will find that this organic compound is an
excellent diuretic. No urinary stasis; no urine concentration.
The ascorbic acid kidney stone story is a myth. Methylene
blue will dissolve calcium oxalate stones giving 65 mg orally 2 – 3x daily.
(Dr. M. J. Vernon Smith: Med. World News, Dec. 4, 1970)
Why death from insect and snake
bites?
It is estimated that 6500 deaths occur each year in the
Several factors are at work in these pathologies:
1) The toxin-albumin of the snake bite, like
the copperhead or rattler;
2) Formic acid plus a toxin with a protein
cover, called proteotoxin by Arthus,
such as found in bees and wasps;
3) Neurotoxin from the Black Widow, the Fiddle
Spider and snakes like the Cobra and Coral;
4) Production of histamine (severe stings and
bites).
Wells in 1925 called the poison of certain spiders and snakes zootoxins
and of poisonous plants, phytotoxins.
Ford in 1911 reported three classes of toxins in plants and fungi:
1) Nerve poisons-muscarine;
2) Those causing structural changes in the
viscera with resulting fatty degeneration;
3) Gastrointestinal irritants.
Ascorbic acid to the rescue.
It is a demonstrated principle that the production of histamine and
other end products from deaminized cell proteins
released by injury to cells are a cause of shock.
The clinical value of ascorbic acid in combating shock is explained when
we realize that the deaminizing enzymes from the
damaged cells are inhibited by vitamin C.42
It has been shown by Chambers and Pollock that mechanical damage to a
cell results in pH changes which reverse the cell enzymes from constructive to
destructive activity. The pH changes spread to other cells. This destructive
activity releases histamine a major shock producing substance. The presence of
vitamin C inhibits this enzyme transition into + the destructive phase. Clark
and Rossiter reported that conditions of shock and
stress cause depletion of the ascorbic acid content of the plasma. As with the
virus bodies, ascorbic acid also joins with the protein factor of these toxins
effecting quick destruction.
The answer to these emergencies is simple. Large amounts of ascorbic
acid 350 mg to 700 mg per Kg. body weight given intravenously. In small
patients, where veins are
at a premium, ascorbic acid can easily be given intramuscularly in
amounts up to two grams at one site. Several areas can be used with each dose
given. Ice held to the gluteal muscles until red,
almost eliminates the pain. We always reapply the ice for a few minutes after
the injection. Ascorbic acid is also given, by mouth, as follow up treatment.
Every emergency room should be stocked with vitamin C ampoules of sufficient
strength so that time will never be counted-as a factor in saving a life. The 4
gram, 20 c.c, ampulle and
10 gram 50 c.c. ampulle must be made available to the
physician.
Some concern answered regarding high
dosage of ascorbic acid.
Merton Lamden, a bio-chemist, writing in the
New England Journal of Medicine, Feb. 11, 1971, expresses grave doubts about
the safety of large doses of ascorbic acid taken by mouth.
He gives a report by
This transposed to a man weighing 70 kilograms would represent a dose of
3,500 grams-roughly 5,000 grams ascorbic acid. Obviously the work has no
relationship with the ingestion of ascorbic acid by humans. I have taken from
10 to 20 grams of ascorbic acid daily since my last visit to this college - 18
years ago. I do not have diabetes mellitus and if I might digress a moment,
neither have I had a kidney stone.
Diabetes mellitus
response to 10 grams ascorbic acid by mouth.
Over the past 17 years we have studied the effect of 10 grams by mouth,
in patients with diabetes mellitus. We found that every diabetic not taking
supplemental vitamin C could be classified as having sub-clinical scurvey. For this reason they find it difficult to heal
wounds. The diabetic patient will use the supplemental vitamin C for better
utilization of his insulin. It will assist the liver in the metabolism of
carbohydrates and to re-instate his body to heal wounds like normal
individuals. We found that 60% of all diabetics could be controlled with diet
and 10 grams ascorbic acid daily. The other 40% will need much less needle
insulin and less oral medication. Contrary to what Medical News Letter, (Vol.
12 # 26, Dec. 25 1970) carried to the physicians the Tes-Tape
is accurate in testing urine samples.
Observations following post-surgery
cases on blood plasma levels of ascorbic acid. Deduction is evident of the need
for substantial amounts of ascorbic acid prior to surgery.
In 1960 and again in 1966, in papers delivered before the Tri-State
Medical Society, I called attention to the "scurvy" levels of
ascorbic acid found in postoperative patients. Plasma levels recorded before
starting anaesthesia and after cessation of such inhalants and completion of
surgery remained unchanged. This has lead many to believe that surgery created
little or no demand for supplemental "C". We found, however, that
samples of blood taken six hours after surgery showed drops of approximately
1/4 the starting amount and at 12 hours the levels were down to one-half.
Samples taken 24 hours later, without added ascorbic acid to fluids, showed
levels ¾ lower than the original samples.
Bartlett, Jones and others reported that in spite of low levels of
plasma ascorbic acid at time of surgery, normal wound healing may be produced
by adequate vitamin C therapy during the post-operative period. Lanman and Ingalls showed that the tensile strength of
healing wounds is lowered in the presence of "scurvy plasma levels".
Schumacher reported that the pre-operative use of as little as 500 mg of
vitamin C given orally "was remarkably successful in preventing shock and
weakness" following dental extractions. Many other investigators have
shown in both laboratory and clinical studies, that optimal primary wound
healing is dependent to a large extent upon the vitamin C content of the
tissues. In 1949, it was my privilege to assist at an abdominal exploratory laparotomy. A mass of small viscera was found "glued
together". The area was so friable that every attempt at separation
produced a torn intestine. After repairing some 20 tears the surgeon closed the
cavity as a hopeless situation. Two grams ascorbic acid was given
by syringe every two hours for 48 hours and then 4x daily. In 36 hours
the patient was walking the halls and in 7 days was discharged with normal
elimination and no pain. She has outlived her surgeon by many years. We
recommend that all patients take 10 grams ascorbic acid each day. Where this is
not done and the surgery is elective, then 10 grams by mouth should be given
for several weeks prior to surgery. At least 30 grams should be given, daily,
in solutions, post-operatively, until oral medication is allowed and tolerated.
Mononucleosis aided by
ascorbic acid.
After studying hundreds of college students, Yale researchers have
evidence that strengthens the like between mononucleosis and EB virus, a
herpes-like agent also associated with Burkitt
lymphoma. Large doses of intravenous "C" has a striking influence on
the course of mononucleosis. In one patient who was given the last rites of her
church, the girls mother took things into her own hands when the attending
physician refused to give ascorbic acid. In each bottle of intravenous fluids
she would quickly "tap in" 20 to 30 grams vitamin C. The patient made
an uneventful recovery. Her mother has her B.S. in Nursing and has been a long
time advocate of massive "C" therapy.
Could ascorbic acid have anti-cancer
features?
Schlegel50 from
for someone to start continuous ascorbic acid drip for 2 to 3 months,
giving 100 to 300 grams each day, for various malignant conditions?
Barbiturate patients in
shock normalized with ascorbic acid.
Clemmesen states that the important
principles in management of barbiturate poisoning are anti-shock therapy,
continuous oxygen and patent airways. Hadden et al.53
suggest six measures as supportive treatment. An intensive care unit would be
necessary to carry out these functions. All one really need do is give adequate
ascorbic acid therapy.
One patient who had taken 2640 mg Lotusate (talbutal) was seen in the emergency room with a blood
pressure of 60/0. Twelve grams vitamin C was given intravenously with a 50 c.c.
syringe and then the needle attached to a bottle of 5D water containing 50
grams ascorbic acid. Within 10 minutes the blood pressure was 100/60
demonstrating the effect of vitamin C on shock. A second bottle of 250 c.c. 5D
water containing one gram emivan was started in the
other arm. The patient was awake in 3 hours, taking juice with "C"
added. She received 125 grams ascorbic acid by vein in 12 hours. Ascorbic acid
not only assists with hepatic metabolism but also as a major diuretic flushes
these compounds out by way of the kidneys. Nasal oxygen running 6 liter per minute was also employed. Another patient who had
masked 2400 mg seconal with paraldehyde was awake
after 42 grams of ascorbic acid had been given by vein as fast as a 20 gauge
needle could carry the flow. She received 75 grams vitamin C by vein and 30
grams by mouth in a 24 hour period.
Cholesterol not a problem, when
daily intake of ascorbic acid is high.
Mention should be made of the role played by vitamin C as a regulator of
the rate at which cholesterol is formed in the body; deficiency of the vitamin
speeding the formation of this substance. In experimental work, guinea pigs fed
a diet free of ascorbic acid showed a 600% acceleration in cholesterol
formation in the adrenal glands. Ten grams or more each day and then eat all
the eggs you want. That is my schedule and my cholesterol remains normal,
Infectious hepatitis relieved.
Viral hepatitis needs brief mentioning.
Physical activity has always been considered to increase the severity
and prolong the course of the disease. Freebern and Repsher showed in Vietnam that pick-and-shovel details had
no effects on the 199 controls as against 199 kept at bed rest. One thing is
certain. Given massive intravenous ascorbic acid therapy and patients are well
and back to work in from 3 to 7 days. In these cases the vitamin is also
employed by mouth as follow-up therapy. Dr. Bauer at the University Clinic,
General all around
benefits one to ten grams ascorbic acid per day.
It has been suggested that ascorbic acid metabolism may be an index of
total metabolism and thus serve as a general diagnostic guide. Adults taking at
least 10 grams of ascorbic acid daily, and children under ten at least one gram
for each year of life will find that the brain will be clearer, the mind more
active, the body less wearied and
the memory more retentive.
It must be remembered when using ascorbic acid that experiments on man
are the only experiments which can give positive evidence of therapeutic action
in man.
Likewise, the use of ascorbic acid in human pathology must follow the
Law of Mass Action: "In reversible reactions, the extent of chemical
change is proportional to the
active masses of the interacting substance“.
ZEIT ONLINE
Gesundheit
Stimmt’s? Nutzlose Vitamine
Vitamin C schützt vor Erkältungen. Stimmt’s? fragt Esther Fehlberg aus Mettmann
Die Auseinandersetzung um die vorbeugende und lindernde Wirkung von Vitamin C bei Erkältungskrankheiten ist Jahrzehnte alt, und immer noch streiten sich die Experten. Dabei ist nicht umstritten, dass eine ausreichende Versorgung mit dem Vitamin wichtig ist - es geht um die besondere Wirkung hoher Dosierungen.
Jetzt haben der Australier Robert Douglas und der Finne Harri Hemilä noch einmal 23 Studien aus den vergangenen 65 Jahren ausgewertet. Ihr Ergebnis, veröffentlicht in der Online-Zeitschrift PLoS Med, bestätigt frühere Befunde: Dass Vitamin C Erkältungen verhindert, konnte bei Normalbürgern, die sich vernünftig ernähren, nicht nachgewiesen werden. Nur bei Leistungssportlern war ein kleiner Effekt erkennbar.
Hilft Vitamin C wenigstens, wenn man schon erkältet ist? Da sind die Studien widersprüchlich. Bei einigen war eine leichte Linderung der Symptome oder eine geringfügige Verkürzung der Krankheitsdauer herausgekommen. Alles in allem aber ein minimaler Unterschied zu einem Placebopräparat. Fazit: Gegen die gewöhnliche Erkältung ist weiterhin kein Kraut gewachsen – und auch kein Vitamin. Christoph Drösser
Vorwort/Suchen Zeichen/Abkürzungen Impressum