ww.blackjungleterrariumsupply.com/Carnivorous-Plants_c_17.html
https://web.de/magazine/wissen/natur-umwelt/harmlos-aussehen-fleischfressende-pflanzen-37046048
Vergleich: Siehe: Animalia + Gallen
allgemein + Eulipotyphla (Insektenfresser)
Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous
plants - Darwin's ‘most wonderful plants in the world’
(C. Darwin, Insectivorous plants, p.
231)
Pflanzen:
Aroidae. = Arums/ziehen durch Geruch Insekten an zur Bestäubung
Cephalotus follicularis = Zwergkrug./= fleischfressende Pflanze Oxydales.
Dionea. muscipula = Venus-fliegenfalle
Dipsacus. sylvestris o. fullonum, bildet eine Rosette worin sich Wasser sammelt und Insekten gefangen werden.
Dros.
Nep.
Nid.
Ping-vg. = Dros-ähnlich
Plect. = Kannengewächs/= Buntnessel/= Harfennessel/= Mottenkönig
Roridula dentata. lebt in Symbiose mit Insekten/= Wanzepflanze
Sarr. (Ericales. enthält Coniinum.)
Lentibularia o. Utricularia vulgaris Utricularia leben auf Wasseroberfläche
Lamiales. Sukkulenten. ‡ Mondzeitaltergruppe. ‡
Amphibia
Bufo. = Kröte
Mammalia
Vergleich:
Wikipedia:
Five basic trapping mechanisms are found in carnivorous plants.
Pitfall traps (pitcher plants)
trap prey in a rolled leaf that contains a pool of digestive enzymes or
bacteria.
Flypaper traps use a sticky
mucilage.
Snap traps utilize rapid leaf
movements.
Bladder traps suck in prey
with a bladder that generates an internal vacuum.
Lobster traps, also known as
eel traps, force prey to move towards a digestive organ with inward-pointing
hairs.
These traps may be active or passive, depending on whether movement aids
the capture of prey. For example, Triphyophyllum is a
passive flypaper
that secretes mucilage, but whose leaves do not grow or move in response
to prey capture. Meanwhile, sundews are active flypaper traps whose leaves
undergo rapid acid growth, which is an expansion of individual cells as
opposed to cell division. The rapid acid growth allows the sundew tentacles to
bend, aiding in the retention and digestion of prey.
[Nicolas Rost, 12 Jahre (2005)]
Blühende Schönheiten o. gefährliche Monster? (karnivore Pflanzen)
„Gesellschaft für fleischfressende Pflanzen“ http://forum.carnivoren.org/
Lebensweise
Karnivoren brauchen Wasser/Licht/Wärme. Bilden meistens schöne Blüten zur Vermehrung. Leben alle an Standorten, die in „irgendwelcher Form extrem
sind und die ausreichende Versorgung mit den notwendigen Nährstoffen nicht immer auf herkömmlichem Wege gewährleisten“.
Warum tierische Nahrung? Wachsen auf nährstoffarmen Böden und darum haben sie sich tierische Nahrungsquellen erschlossen/Tiere enthalten die meisten
von Pflanzen benötigten Nährstoffe (K/N/Na/Ca/P/Mg/Fe) in großen Mengen.
Unterschieden nach Familien (Droseraceae/Sarraceniaceae/Nepenthaceae) o. Fallentypen (Klebefallen/Klappfallen/Grubenfallen/Saugfallen).
Klebefallen:
Droseraceae
Dros: fängt mithilfe von kleinen Klebetropfen an weißen oder roten Härchen am Rande ihrer Blätter sitzend. Beutetier stirbt durch Ersticken.
Pinguicula: Insekten kleben an Oberseite Blätter = sehr fettig und klebrig. Klebfalle = aktiv. Blattränder biegen sich nach oben, decken somit die Beute
ab und formen eine geschlossene Verdauungskammer“.
Klappfallen:
Dionaea (Venusfliegenfalle): Am Ende der Blätter befinden sich zwei Fanglappen mit Randzähnen an den Blatträndern. Sobald ein Tier die Tasthärchen
an der Innenseite der Fanglappen berührt, klappen die Fanglappen zusammen und das Insekt ist gefangen. Zurück bleibt der Chitinpanzer des ehemals
lebendigen Opfers.
(C. Darwin, Insectivorous plants, p. 231)
‘This plant, commonly called Venus’ fly-trap, from the rapidity and
force of its movements, is one of the most wonderful in the world.’
Grubenfallen:
Sarr. (Schlauchpflanze/= Trompetenblatt): Lockt Insekten durch Nektarduft und die oft farbige Öffnung der Schlauchblätter an/am oberen Lappen o.
Deckel sind viele nach unten gerichtete kleine Härchen, die zusammen mit dem Fangschleim an der Schlauchinnenwand die Insekten festhalten. (Ericales.)
[Nicolas Rost, 12 Jahre (2005)]
Nep. (Kannenpflanze): An den Blattenden bildet diese Pflanze Kannen aus. „Die Flüssigkeit in der Kanne ist oberflächenaktiv (= seifenähnlich)“.
Chitinpanzer wird vollständig verdaut.
Saugfallen
Utricularia (Wasserschlauch): Besitzt winzig kleine Fangblasen in der Erde oder unter Wasser. „Fallen mit Wasser gefüllt und erzeugen in ihrem Inneren einen
Unterdruck. Wird die Falle von einem kleinen Tier an den Borsten des Auslösemechanismus berührt, so saugt sie Wasser in das Falleninnere und das Beutetier
wird in die Falle hineingespült“.
Quelle: www.falle.de
Karnivore Pflanzen meiden mineralische Böden/Leben auf Moor/andere Pflanzen/Pilzen
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213724
[Aaron M. Ellison and Nicholas J. Gotelli]
Carnivory has evolved independently at least
6x in five angiosperm orders. In spite of these independent origins, there is a
remarkable morphological convergence of carnivorous plant traps and
physiological convergence of mechanisms for digesting and assimilating prey.
These convergent traits have made carnivorous plants model systems for
addressing questions in plant molecular genetics, physiology, and evolutionary
ecology. New data show that carnivorous plant genera with morphologically
complex traps have higher relative rates of gene substitutions than do those
with simple sticky traps. This observation suggests two alternative mechanisms
for the evolution and diversification of carnivorous plant lineages. The ‘energetics hypothesis’ posits rapid morphological evolution
resulting from a few changes in regulatory genes responsible for meeting the
high energetic demands of active traps. The ‘predictable prey capture
hypothesis’ further posits that complex traps yield more predictable and
frequent prey captures. To evaluate these hypotheses, available data on the
tempo and mode of carnivorous plant evolution were reviewed; patterns of prey
capture by carnivorous plants were analysed; and the energetic costs and
benefits of botanical carnivory were re-evaluated.
Collectively, the data are more supportive of the energetics
hypothesis than the predictable prey capture hypothesis. The energetics hypothesis is consistent with a phenomenological
cost-benefit model for the evolution of botanical carnivory,
and also accounts for data suggesting that carnivorous plants have leaf construction
costs and scaling relationships among leaf traits that are substantially
different from those of non-carnivorous plants.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15248131
[K. Müller/T. Borsch/L. Legendre/S. Porembski/I. Theisen/W Barthlott]
Evolution of carnivory in Lentibulariaceae
and the Lamiales.
As a basis for analysing the evolution of the carnivorous syndrome in Lentibulariaceae (Lamiales), phylogenetic reconstructions were conducted based on coding
and non-coding chloroplast DNA (matK gene and
flanking trnK intron
sequences, totalling about 2.4 kb). A dense taxon
sampling including all other major lineages of Lamiales
was needed since the closest relatives of Lentibulariaceae
and the position of "proto-carnivores" were unknown. Tree inference
using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches resulted
in fully congruent topologies within Lentibulariaceae,
whereas relationships among the different lineages of Lamiales
were only congruent between likelihood and Bayesian optimizations. Lentibulariaceae and their three genera (Pinguicula, Genlisea, and Utricularia) are monophyletic, with Pinguicula
being sister to a Genlisea-Utricularia clade. Likelihood and Bayesian trees converge on Bignoniaceae as sister to Lentibulariaceae,
albeit lacking good support. The "proto-carnivores" (Byblidaceae, Martyniaceae) are
found in different positions among other Lamiales but
not as sister to the carnivorous Lentibulariaceae,
which is also supported
by Khishino-Hasegawa tests. This implies that carnivory and its preliminary stages
("proto-carnivores") independently evolved more than once among Lamiales. Ancestral states of structural characters
connected to the carnivorous syndrome are reconstructed using the molecular tree,
and a hypothesis on the evolutionary pathway of the carnivorous syndrome in Lentibulariaceae is presented. Extreme DNA mutational rates
found in Utricularia and Genlisea
are shown to correspond to their unusual nutritional specialization, thereby
hinting at a marked degree of carnivory in these two
genera.
Vorwort/Suchen Zeichen/Abkürzungen Impressum