Mund/Zunge
Vergleich: Siehe:
Organen +
Anhang. Zähne (Luc de Schepper/R.
Arndt) + Anhang 2 (Hermann
Hoffmeister/Thomas Cowan) + TCM Anhang 2 (Sigrid Molineus Zungendiagnose) +
Anhängsel
(Sarla Sonawala/Roland Schule)
+ Zähne und Fluor (Dr. Grätz) + Safe removal of amalgam fillings
Halitosis = an unpleasant odour to the breath (Berkow et al. 1995: 757)
[Aziza Muhammed Randeree]
https://ir.dut.ac.za/bitstream/10321/2850/5/RANDEREE_1999.pdf
The efficacy of homoeopathic simillimum treatment of oral malodour =
Halitosis:
From the Latin word, halitus -meaningexhalation- of offensive breath
from the oral cavity, called also fetor ex ore, fetor oris and stomatodysdodia
(Dorland and Newman 1994: 729).
Halitosis is derived from the Latin word 'halitus' meaning bad breath
and the Greek word 'osis' meaning disease or condition (Iwu and Akpata. 1990).
Halitosis defined as an unpleasant oral malodour has become a health
concern among the general public (Iwakura et al. 1994).
Halitosis affects a large proportion of the population and may be the
cause of significant social and psychological handicap to those who suffer from
it (Bosy et al. 1994).
Oral malodour is a common social and economical problem (industrialised
countries).
In a national survey in Japan carried out in 1993, for example, 24% of
the examined persons above the age of 30 years complained about bad breath
(Quirynen et al. 1998).
More than half of the U.S. population will at some time be affected by
halitosis. Annual sales of mouthwashes and related over the counter products in
the U.S. exceed 500 million dollars (Replogle and Beebe. 1996.)
Oral malodour may be caused by a number of factors both intra- and
extra-orally. In most cases bad breath originates from the oral cavity itself
(Quirynen et al. 1998).
Halitosis of oral aetiology may result from periodontal disease, poor
saliva flow, improper dental restorations, excessive microbial colonization of
the tongue, or unclean dentures. Non-oral aetiologies include upper and lower
respiratory tract conditions, gastrointestinal and neurological disorders,
various systemic diseases and use of certain drugs. (Rosenberg et. al. 1991.)
One of the most intriguing problems regarding bad breath is the apparent
inability of knowing whether one has it, and to what extent.
Many people emit bad breath for years without at all being aware of it.
Others greatly overestimate their own oral malodour and are consequently prone
to obsessive
behaviour such as to avoid social interaction and may even contemplate
suicide. (Rosenberg et al.1995.)
For the assessment of oral malodour, 2 methods are generally used.
One method is subjective organoleptic examination and the other is
quantitative measurement of volatile sulphide compounds, i.e., gas
chromatography and portable sulphide monitor (Shimura et al. 1996).
Rosenberg et al (1992) and Yaekagi and Sanada (1992) conducted studies
on two-phase oil water mouth rinses. These proved effective in reducing oral
malodour for a
short period of time. Although mouth rinses have been tested for their
effectiveness in reducing oral malodour parameters in a variety of studies, few
investigations have been conducted using other kinds of oral products. To date
there has been only one controlled homoeopathic research study done on
halitosis. [Neumann (1997)] conducted a clinical trial on the effect of a
halitosis complex [consisting of potentised homoeopathic remedies (Arnica
Montana C4 + Carbo vegetabilis C4 + Arsenicum album C4 + Bryonia alba C4 +
Nitricum acidum C4 and Mercurius solubilise C4) on oral malodour.
Volatile sulphur compounds were measured by a portable sulphide monitor
and organoleptically by 3 odour judges who then recorded their results on a
visual analogue scale (Aker 1995).
Non-parametric tests were used to analyse the results. The results
showed a significant decrease in volatile sulphur compounds over a three-week
period, however an increase
in the amount of volatile sulphur compounds was observed during the 4th
week of the trial.
The method of treatment used in that study = the complex method, did not
provide long term relief in patients.
A shortfall of that study is that the homoeopathic principle of
individualised treatment was intentionally overlooked.
The Law of Similars states that any substance which can produce a
totality of symptoms in a healthy human being can cure the totality of symptoms
in a sick human being (Vithoulkas 1986:98).
The researcher was presented with the opportunity of assessing the value
of a single homoeopathic remedy as compared to a complex (Neumann 1997) in the
treatment of halitosis. The aim of this placebo-controlled study was to
evaluate the efficacy of the homoeopathic simillimum treatment in halitosis, in
terms of the quality of mouth air assessed organoleptically and the
concentration of the volatile sulphur compounds in the oral cavity measured
quantitatively by a portable sulphide monitor.
The potential benefit of the study was most importantly the improvement
of the psychological state of the patient and a subsequent improvement in the
individual sense
of well being.
2.2.
PATHOGENESIS
The exact pathophysiological mechanism is not clear, but several
conditions have been deemed responsible for septic or putrefactive changes in
the mouth, nose, nasal sinuses, or lungs.
Smoking or ingestion of garlic, onions or paraldehyde, whose volatile
products are excreted by the lungs or in saliva maybe causes of bad breath.
There are also some psychiatric cases in which the patients suffer from imaginary
halitosis (Tiomny et al. 1992.)
Halitosis is caused mainly by volatile sulphur compounds (= VSC)
including hydrogen sulphides, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulphide (Yaekagi
and Sanada. 1992).
VSC increases the permeability of the oral mucosa and collagen
solubility and decrease protein and collagen synthesis.
Microbiological studies have demonstrated that periodontal pathogenic
microorganisms contribute to increased VSC production, in particular that of
methyl mercaptan, in
the oral cavity. Therefore it has been suggested that Fusobacterium,
Porphyromonas gingivalis and other microorganisms have important roles in the
pathogenesis of halitosis. (Yaekagi and Sanada.1992.).
Halitosis is a condition that is easy to recognise but the cause can be
difficult to discover.
The commonest causes are found in the mouth.
If they are not present in the mouth then an extra oral source should be
sought. (Symposium. 1990.)
A recent report on experience gained in a Multidisciplinary Breath Odour
Clinic indicated that in 87% of the consulting patients, oral malodour could be
related to an oral cause (Quirynen et al. 1998).
Chronic periodontal disease and gingivitis are perhaps the most common
causes of halitosis.
These conditions flourish in a confined, anaerobic environment,
protected from the flow of saliva.
Periodontal disease and gingivitis are therefore conducive to bacterial
overgrowth.
Stomatitis and glossitis resulting from underlying systemic disease,
medication or vitamin deficiencies may cause odour when ulcers or fissures
develop trapping food particles
and desquamated tissue. (Replogle and Beebe. 1996.)
Saliva from individuals with periodontitis putrefies more rapidly and
the odour is more disagreeable in comparison to saliva in healthy individuals.
This is attributable in part to the degradation of blood and host
cellular products that provide substrates for generation of volatile sulphur
compounds. (Bosy et al. 1994.)
Reduced salivary flow leading to a dry mouth (= xerostomia) contributes
to conditions favouring oral malodour production. Decrease in saliva can be
caused by many factors; for example,
dehydration, aging, anemia, metabolic disease, autoimmune disease of the
salivary glands, malignancy and medication. (McDowell et al. 1993.)
Chronic xerostomia may also cause caries, infection, mucosal dehydration
and atrophy. The bacteria on the tongue also correlate strongly with malodour.
A growing body of research indicates that tongue coating also plays a
significant role in odour formation. (Quirynen et al 1998.)
Tobacco smokers and garlic eaters may have peculiar breath of varying
intensity, which is made more objectionable if the individuals oral hygiene is
also poor (Iwu and Akpata. 1990).
Ozostomia = a putrid smell that is detected from the mouth but derived
from the upper respiratory tract (nasal and sinus cavities, pharynx and
larynx).
Thus the aetiologies include rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis,
laryngitis, tonsillitis and nasal polyp or carcinoma.
Foul breath from the mouth originating from the lower respiratory tract,
a.k.a. stornadysdodia may be caused by infective or necrotic processes of the
lower respiratory tract.
For example, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis, carcinoma of the
lung, lung abscess, emphysema and pulmonary infarcts. (Touyz.1993.)
In older literature, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract have been
mentioned as possible causes along with pyloric stenosis and gastrocolic
fistulas.
In a study conducted by Tiomny et al (1992), subjects suffering from
halitosis and with evidence of Helicobacter pylori were treated with a course
of colloidal bismuth subcitrate.
The halitosis had disappeared along with eradication of the organism in
all subjects.
Persons suffering from dyspepsia, reflux, hiatus hernia, gastric cancer,
malabsorption syndrome and enteric infections may also have halitosis.
Systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, several
liver disorders, gallbladder dysfunctions and blood dyscrasias (leukemia) may
cause bad breath. (Replogle and Beebe. 1996.)
2.4.
THE HALITOSIS SOCIAL HANDICAP
There are apparently healthy individuals who complain of having bad
breath which no one else can smell and for which no local or systemic condition
can be found (Iwu and Akpata. 1990).
Some patients may suffer from halitophobia or imaginary bad breath.
Although various –psychological states have been used to describe
this-population, (e.g. delusion, hypochondria, obsessive compulsive disorder,
olfactory reference syndrome),
none are satisfactory.
The current success rate in dealing with such individuals appears low
and indicates the need for collaboration with psychological +/o. psychiatric
counseling. (Quirynen et al. 1998.)
Halitophobics are driven to social isolations, may have their teeth
extracted and occasionally even commit suicide (Rosenberg et al. 1995).
2.5.
ASSESSMENT OF HALITOSIS
For the assessment of oral malo dour in scientific investigations,
reliable methods of measurements are required.
Previous methods of assessing oral malodour have been based upon
subjective, organoleptic scales or quantitative measurement of volatile sulphur
compounds or both.
Quantitative measurements by gas chromatography, cryoscopy and culture
of plaque and periodontal exudates require laboratory facilities, are time
consuming and expensive.
Recent studies have investigated the use of a simple, rapid technique
for measurement of halitosis related sulphides by using a portable sulphide
monitor. (Rosenberg et al. 1991.)
Shimura et al. (1996) conducted a study on a new volatile sulphide
compound (= VSC) monitor with a zinc-oxide, thin film semiconductor sensor by
comparing it with other means
of measurement.
They reported its characteristics as rapid in warming up, simple to
handle with high reproducibility and a good specificity and sensitivity.
The volatile sulphide monitor, which is small in size, simple to handle
and has sensitive correspondence to the organoleptic assessment, can be used to
measure halitosis without
much restriction (Shimura et al. 1997).
2.6.
MANAGEMENT OF HALITOSIS
2.6.1
Oral hygiene
Since halitosis often originates in the oral cavity, proper oral hygiene
must be stressed.
Patients should be instructed to brush their teeth at least 2x daily and
floss once a day.
Tongue brushing, as well as palatal brushing, is an important method of
reducing mouth odour.
Regular dental consultations may be appropriate. (Replogle and Beebe.
1996.)
Dental health care is mandatory and dentures should not be worn during
sleep, but kept clean by overnight soaking.
Strict attention should be given to diet and the elimination if
possible, of smoking and alcohol intake. (Symposium. 1990.)
2.6.2
Allopathic management
Much research has been reported on mouthwashes eliminating oral bacteria
and therefore reducing oral malodour. Yaekagi and Sanada (1992)
experimented with an oil-water mouthwash to determine the effect on
sulphides in mouth air, showing that volatile sulphides are consistently
reduced.
Rosenberg et al. (1991) used chlorexidene mouth rinse regimens to show
reductions in mouth odour.
Chlorexidene was effective in reducing microbial levels for longer than
hours as measured by the rinsing technique.
The Department of National Health and Population and Development (1994)
suggest that antiseptic mouthwashes reduce the bacterial count by letting in
oxygen, which
is toxic to the Gram-negative bacteria, thereby retarding bacterial
growth.
Aromatic mouthwashes can also temporarily mask malodour and stimulate
salivation.
In a study conducted by
Greenstein et al. (1997), the anti malodour properties of oxidising lozenges
was compared to breath mints and chewing gum.
It was concluded that sucking of a full strength lozenge with oxidising
properties reduces tongue dorsum malodour for 3 hours following use.
Most mouthwashes only mask odours for a short time and alcohol
containing mouthwashes can dry oral tissues (Replogle and Beebe. 1996).
However, in America, over the counter "cure" (mouth rinses,
chewing gum, mints and sprays) for those seeking temporary solutions for their
breath
Problem have created a billion dollar industry (Meskin. 1996).
2.7.3
Perspectives in Homoeopathy in Halitosis Management
A double-blind study conducted by Neumann (1997) demonstrated that the
use of a homoeopathic complex led to a reduction in volatile sulphur compounds
in mouth
air and a significant improvement in oral malodour.
However this study (Neumann 1997) was conducted over a short period of
time and it was a recommendation by the researcher that a long-term treatment
be investigated.
As far as it could be ascertained no other research has been done in the
field of treating halitosis homoeopathically.
Information from provings of homoeopathic remedies in the Materia
Medicae indicate that bad breath can be treated depending on similarity of
symptoms to the remedy
(Jouanny 1984:38/Boericke 1990:77/Morrison 1993:46).
2.8
SUMMARY
Bad breath is a cause of concern, embarrassment and frustration on the
part of the general public.
Oral malodour, whether real or perceived, can lead to social isolation
and even contemplation of suicide.
Considering human preoccupation with pleasing social appearances, a
permanent treatment for halitosis could prove a landmark breakthrough in
medical science.
Homoeopathy is a safe and effective therapeutic method as it acts by
stimulating the body's immunological system to initiate healing (Ullman
1991:99).
It is therefore very effective in the treatment of psychosocial
conditions like halitosis.
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the homoeopathic simillimum
in the management of halitosis.
The most popular remedies used were Mercurius solubilise (4 patients),
Nitricum acidum (3 patients) and Phosphorus (3 patients).
Akupunktur
Kombinationen
Schwellungen und Schmerzen der Zunge
K/S 9 + KG 23
Entzündungen unter der Zunge
K/S 9 + BI 23
Lähmungen der Zunge und Sprachstörungen
3E1 + LG 14
Halsaffektionen
3E1 + LG 14
Dry Mouth: This can be caused by common antidepressants and anti-anxiety
medications, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory drugs and narcotics in addition
to drugs used
for glaucoma and bladder spasms and urinary retention as well as
antihypertensives. When the mouth is chronically dry, the teeth, oral mucosa
and soft tissue are easily inflamed, painful and prone to infection.
This environment commonly leads to tooth decay and necrosis of the
nerves innervating the teeth.
Tooth Discoloration: a common side effect of some antibiotics.
Gingival Hyperplasia: a condition defined as overgrowth of the gum
tissue. It is commonly caused by seizure medications, heart medications,
medications for high blood pressure and immunosuppressant medications.
Oral Lesions: This is defined as soft tissue discoloration and
inflammation. This can be caused by drugs used for blood pressure,
immunosuppressants, oral contraceptives and chemotherapy drugs.
Abnormal Bleeding: This can be caused by drugs such as aspirin,
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs), steroids and anticoagulants, which
are used to thin the blood in common conditions
associated with strokes and certain diseases associated with the heart
and arrhythmias.
Jaw Clenching and Teeth Grinding: These can be side effects of
antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications. A diet rich in sugars and sugar-forming
foods cultivate the growth of parasites, viruses
and bacteria. This affects our metabolism and stimulates the nervous
system causing it to be "over charged" and resulting in the clinging
and grinding of the jaw.
Eine tief gefurchte, auf der Oberfläche wie zerrissen wirkende Zunge ist nach Hahnemann eines der Symptome für eine zurückliegende Psora-Infektion.
Doctrine of Signatures: William Coles' Table of Appropriations Mouth: Medlar, Mulberry,
Mint, Purslane, Goldenrod
Dry Mouth: Fleawort
Teeth: Pine, Pomegranate, Mastick, Masterwort, Coral, Coralwort,
Restharrow, Henbane, Wild Tansy
Vergleich. Psora - Sykose - Syphillinie -
Tuberkulinie
1st Tuberculinics (those predisposed):
2nd person subject to colds (person who have cold after cold,
coryza after coryza during the winter);
3rd dental patients (persons predisposed to tuberculous seem
to make a rendezvous with the dentist's chair);
4th constipated persons;
Miasm_Mouth:
* Psora: ————– Dryness
* Syphilis: ———— Wet on edges of tongue
* Sycosis: ———— Mucus
Miasm_Tongue:
* Psora: ———- Diffused coating
* Syphilis: ——– Clean
* Sycosis: ——– Thickly coated
[Dr. Sunirmal Sarkar
Bluish line on the
gums, in patients who need heavy metals
(Aur-met. Bismuth,
Argentums and Ars.).
[H.N. Guernsey/M.L. Tyler]
Stomatitis (Aphthae)
Acet-ac.: Violent burning pain in stomach and chest followed by coldness
of skin and cold sweat on forehead. (30C)
Ichth.: Bad effects of Alcoholism when nothing will stay in the stomach.
Early morning diarrhea. Nausea. (30C)
Panacea arvensis: sensitiveness over gastric region with hunger but an
aversion to food. (6C-200C)
Rhus-g.: Aphthous stomatitis.
Spongy gums. (Q)
Sul-ac.: Ulcerative stomatitis. 200C
Kreos.: Gums painful, swollen, dark red or blue and the teeth decay as
soon as they are born. Keynotes of Kreosotum are hot excoriating discharges,
pulsation all over
the body, profuse bleeding of small wounds. Ulceration, burning pain.
Painful dentition with anger and capriciousness similar to Chamomilla.
Repertory: Zunge
Tongue: Absin. Acet-ac. Acon-c. Acon. Aesc. Aeth. Agar. Agarin. Ail.
Alco-s. All-s. Alumn. Am-c. Ambr. Amyg-p. Anac. Anan. Anis. Ant-c. Ant-t. Apis,
Arg-n. Arn. Ars-h. Ars. Arum-t. Arund. Asar. Aster. Aur-m-n. Aur-m. Aur-met. Bapt. Bar-c. Bell. Berb.
Bism. Bor-ac. Bor. Both-l. Bry. Caj. Calc-f. Calc. Camph. Cann-i. Canth. Caps.
Carb-ac. Carb-an. Carb-v. Card-m. Cast-eq. Caust. Cham. Chel. Chin-ar. Chion.
Chr-ac. Cina, Cinch.
Anesthesia: Alco-s.
Atrophy: Mur-ac.
Biting: Absin. Anis. Hydr. Hyos. Ign. Ph-ac. Sec.
Burning: Acon. Apis, Ars. Arum-t. Bapt. Bar-c. Bell. Berb. Calc. Canth.
Caps. Carb-an. Caust. Coloc. Iris, Lath. Lyc. Merc-c. Mez. Mur-ac. Nat-m. Ph-ac.
Phys. Podo.
Ran-s. Sang. Sanic. Sin-n. Sulph. Ter.
Burning, smarting scalded feeling: Acon. Apis, Ars. Arum-t. Bapt.
Bell. Berb. Canth. Caps.
Carb-an. Caust. Coloc. Coloc. Iris, Iris, Lyc. Merc-c. Mez. Mur-ac. Nat-m. Ph-ac. Podo. Ran-s. Sang. Sanic.
Sin-n. Sulph.
---------- tip: Ars. Bar-c. Calc. Caps. Iris, Iris, Lath. Phys. Sang.
Ter.
Coating-colour: Acon. Aesc. Ail. All-s. Am-c. Amyg-p. Ant-c. Ant-t. Apis, Arg-n. Arn. Ars. Arum-t. Asar. Bapt. Bell.
Bism. Bor-ac. Bry. Calc. Camph. Canth. Carb-v. Card-m. Caust. Cham. Chel.
Chin-ar. Chion. Cina,
---------------- blackish: Ars. Bapt. Camph. Lach. Lyc. Merc-c. Merc-cy.
Merc-d. Merc-v. Op. Phos. Rhus-t. Vip.
---------------- bluish, livid, pale: Ars. Cupr-s. Dig. Gymn. Merc-cy.
Morph. Morph. Mur-ac. Op. Sec. Verat. Vip.
---------------- brownish: Ail. Am-c. Ant-t. Ars. Bapt. Bry. Cupr-ar.
Echi. Hyos. Kali-p. Lach. Med.
Merc-cy. Morph. Morph. Mur-ac.
Nat-s. Phos. Plb-m. Rhus-t. Sec. Spong.
Tart-ac. Vip.
---------------- brownish, centre: Bapt. Phos. Plb-m.
---------------- brownish, dry: Ail. Ant-t. Ars. Bapt. Bry. Kali-p.
Lach. Rhus-t. Spong. Tart-ac. Vip.
---------------- clean: Ars. Asar. Cina, Cinch. Dig. Dipod. Ip. Mag-p. Nit-ac.
Nux-v. Pyrog. Rhus-t. Sep.
---------------- clean anteriorly, coated posteriorly: Nux-v.
---------------- clean, at menstrual nisus, foul after flow ceases: Sep.
---------------- dark streak in centre, typhoid tongue: Arn. Bapt.
Mur-ac.
---------------- flabby, moist, with imprints of teeth: Ars. Chel. Hydr. Kali-bi. Merc-c. Merc-d.
Merc-s. Nat-p. Podo.
Pyrog. Rhus-t. Sanic. Stram. Yuc.
---------------- frothy, with bubbles on side: Nat-m.
---------------- furred: Ant-t. Ars. Bapt. Canth. Card-m. Chin-ar. Coca,
Ferr-pic. Ferr-pic. Gels. Guai. Lyc. Myris. Nux-v. Puls. Rumx.
---------------- greenish: Nat-s. Plb-acet.
---------------- greyish-white base: Kali-m.
---------------- mapped: Ant-c. Ant-c. Ars. Kali-bi. Lach.
Merc-v. Nat-m. Nit-ac. Ox-ac.
Phyt. Ran-s. Rhus-t. Tarax. Ter.
---------------- mapped, with red, insular patches: Nat-m.
---------------- red: Acon. All-s. Amyg-p. Ant-t. Apis, Arg-n. Ars. Arum-t. Bapt. Bell. Bor-ac. Canth. Card-m. Caust. Chel. Crot-h. Cycl. Diph. Echi. Gels. Hyos. Jal.
Kali-bi. Lac-c. Lach. Lyc. Merc-c. Merc-i-f. Merc.
---------------- red, centre, or streaks, in: Ant-t. Ars. Caust. Crot-h.
Verat-v.
---------------- red, dry, especially centre: Ant-t. Rhus-t.
---------------- red, edges: Amyg-p. Ant-t. Ars. Bapt. Bell. Canth.
Card-m. Chel. Echi. Kali-bi.
Lac-c. Lach. Merc-c. Merc-i-f. Merc. Nit-ac. Podo. Rhus-t. Rhus-v. Sulph. Tarax.
---------------- red, edges, white centre: Bell. Rhus-t.
---------------- red, papillae pale, effaced: All-s.
---------------- red, pappilae prominent: Ant-t. Arg-n. Ars.
Bell. Kali-bi. Lyc. Mez.
Nux-m. Ptel. Ter.
---------------- red, raw: Ars. Arum-t. Canth. Tarax.
---------------- red, shining, glossy, as if varnished: Apis, Canth.
Crot-h. Jal. Kali-bi. Lach. Nit-ac. Phos. Pyrog. Rhus-t. Ter.
---------------- red, spots, sensitive: Ran-s. Tarax. Ter.
---------------- red, tip: Amyg-p. Arg-n. Ars. Cycl. Merc-i-f. Phyt.
Rhus-t. Rhus-v. Sulph.
---------------- red, wet, central furrow: Nit-ac.
---------------- strawberry: Bell. Frag. Sapon.
---------------- unilateral: Daph. Lob. Rhus-t.
---------------- white-furred, slimy, pasty: Acon. Aesc. Aesc. Ant-c. Ant-c.
Ant-t. Arg-n. Arn. Bapt. Bell. Bism. Bry. Calc. Carb-v. Carb-v. Card-m. Chel.
Cinch. Cycl. Ferr-met.
Glon.
Hedeo. Hydr. Ip. Kali-c. Kali-chl. Kali-m.
---------------- yellow patch in centre: Bapt. Phyt.
---------------- yellow, dirty, thick coating: Aesc. Aesc. Bapt. Bry.
Carb-v. Carb-v. Cham. Chel.
Chion. Cinch. Ferr. Hydr. Indol. Kali-bi. Kali-s. Lept. Lyc. Merc-d. Merc-i-f.
Merc.
Myris. Nat-p. Nat-s. Nux-v. Ostrya, Podo. Puls. Sang. Sulph. Yuc.
---------------- coldness: Acet-ac. Camph. Carb-v. Carb-v. Cist. Helo.
Hydr-ac. Sec. Verat.
---------------- dryness: Acon. Ail. Ant-t. Apis, Ars. Bapt. Bell. Bry.
Calc. Colch. Hyos. Kali-bi. Kali-c. Lach. Leon. Merc-c. Merc. Morph. Morph. Mur-ac. Nat-m. Nux-m. Par.
Ph-ac. Phos. Puls. Pyrog. Rhus-t. Sulph. Ter.
eruptions: Alumn. Am-c. Ambr. Anan. Apis, Arg-n. Ars-h. Ars. Arum-t.
Arund. Aur-m-n. Aur-m. Aur. Bapt. Bell. Berb. Bor-ac. Bor. Bry. Calc. Canth.
Carb-ac. Carb-an. Cast-eq. Cham. Chr-ac. Cinnb. Crot-h. Ferr-p. Fl-ac. Gal.
Ham. Hydr. Kali-bi. Kali-chl. Kali-cy. Lacer. Lach. Leon. Lyc. Mang. Merc-s. Merc. Merl. Mez. Mur-ac. Nat-m. Nat-p. Nit-ac. Nit-m-ac. Phyt. Plb-acet. Pyrog.
Ran-s. Rhus-t. Rhus-v.
eruptions, growths: Alumn. Am-c. Ambr. Anan. Apis, Arg-n. Ars-h. Ars. Arum-t. Arund. Aur-m-n. Aur-m. Aur. Bapt. Bell. Berb. Bor-ac. Bor. Bry. Calc.
Canth. Carb-ac. Carb-an. Cast-eq. Cham. Chr-ac. Cinnb. Crot-h.
--------------------- cancer: Alumn. Apis, Ars. Aur-m-n. Aur-met.
Crot-h. Gal. Kali-chl. Kali-cy. Mur-ac.
Semp. Strych-g. Thuj. Vib-pr.
--------------------- cracks, excoriations: Anan. Ars. Arum-t.
Arund. Bapt. Bell. Bor-ac.
Bor. Bor. Bry. Cham. Kali-bi. Lach. Leon. Nat-m. Nit-ac. Phyt. Plb-acet. Pyrog.
Ran-s.
Rhus-t.
Rhus-v. Semp.
--------------------- epithelioma: Ars. Carb-ac. Carb-ac. Chr-ac.
Hydr. Kali-cy. Mur-ac. Thuj.
--------------------- furrows lengthwise, in upper part: Merc.
--------------------- nodules: Ars-h. Aur-m-n. Aur. Cast-eq. Gal. Mur-ac. Nit-ac. Thuj.
--------------------- psoriasis: Cast-eq. Kali-bi. Mur-ac.
--------------------- ranula: Ambr. Calc. Ferr-p. Fl-ac. Merc-s. Nit-ac. Thuj.
--------------------- ring worm: Nat-m. Sanic.
--------------------- ulcerations: Apis, Arg-n. Ars-h. Ars. Aur. Bapt.
Cinnb. Fl-ac. Kali-bi. Lach.
Lyc. Merc. Mez. Mur-ac. Nit-ac. Nit-m-ac. Sanguin-n. Semp. Syph. Thuj.
--------------------- ulcerations, syphilitic: Aur-met. Cinnb. Fl-ac. Kali-bi. Lach. Merc. Mez. Nit-ac.
--------------------- veins, varicose: Ambr. Ham. Thuj.
--------------------- vesicles, blisters: Am-c. Apis, Berb. Bor. Bor.
Canth. Carb-an. Lacer. Lyc. Merl. Mur-ac. Nat-m. Nat-p. Nit-ac. Phyt. Rhus-t.
Sul-ac. Sulph. Thuj.
--------------------- warts: Aur-m. Mang.
hard, indurated: Alumn. Aur-met. Calc-f. Mur-ac. Semp. Sil.
heaviness: Caust. Colch. Gels. Gua. Merl. Mur-ac. Nux-v.
inflammation (glossitis): Acon. Apis, Ars. Bell. Canth. Crot-h. Lach.
Merc-c. Merc. Mur-ac. Ox-ac. Phyt. Ran-s. Sul-ac. Vip.
numbness, tingling: Acon. Con. Con. Echi. Gels. Ign. Lath. Merl.
Nat-m. Nux-m. Nux-v. Plat.
Rad-br. Rheum, Sec.
pain: Acon. Ars. Arum-t. Bell. Kali-ar. Kali-i. Merc-v. Nit-ac. Phyt. Ruta, Semp. Thuj.
paralysis: Acon-c. Acon. Anac. Arn. Ars. Bar-c. Bell. Both-l. Cann-i. Caust. Cocc. Con. Con. Cupr-met. Cur.
Dulc. Gels. Gua. Hyos. Lach.
Lob-pur. Mur-ac. Nux-m. Olnd. Op. Plb-m. Sec. Stram. Zinc-s.
protrusion: Absin. Anac. Apis, Ars. Calc. Caust. Crot-h. Cupr-met. Dulc.
Gels. Gua. Hyos. Lach. Lyc. Merc. Mur-ac. Mygal. Nat-m. Plb-m. Pyrog. Sanic.
Stram. Sulfon. Ter. Vip.
------------ difficult: Anac. Apis, Ars. Calc. Caust. Crot-h. Dulc. Gels.
Gua. Hyos. Lach. Merc. Mur-ac. Mygal. Nat-m. Plb-m. Pyrog. Stram. Sulfon. Ter.
------------ snake-like: Absin. Crot-h. Cupr. Lach. Lyc. Merc. Sanic.
Vip.
rawness, roughness: Apis, Ars. Arum-t. Canth. Dulc. Nit-ac. Phyt. Ran-s.
Tarax.
sensation as if: Absin. Aeth. All-s. Anac. Crot-h. Kali-bi.
Nat-m. Nux-v. Ptel. Puls. Sil.
“As if, hair on tongue”: All-s. Kali-bi. Nat-m. Sil.
“As if swollen, enlarged”: Absin.
Aeth. Aeth. Anac. Crot-h. Nux-v. Ptel. Puls.
soreness: Apis, Arum-t. Cist. Kali-c. Merc-c. Mur-ac. Nit-ac. Ox-ac. Phel. Phys. Ran-s.
Rhus-t. Semp. Sep. Sil. Ter. Thuj.
spasm: Acon. Bell. Ruta, Sec.
stiffness: Con. Con. Dulc.
Hyos. Lac-c. Merc-i-r. Nicol. Sec. Stram.
swelling: Acon. Apis, Ars. Arum-t. Aster. Bapt. Bell. Bism. Caj. Canth. Crot-h.
Diph. Frag. Kali-tel. Lach. Mag-p. Merc-c. Mez. Mur-ac. Oena. Ox-ac. Ruta, Thuj. Vesp. Vip.
trembling: Absin. Agar. Agarin. Apis, Ars. Bell. Camph. Caust. Cham.
Gels. Lach. Merc. Plb-met. Stram.
Bad taste in the mouth.
If the taste in the mouth is altered and the other symptoms are not
sufficient for the selection of the proper remedy, consult the following list:
Bitter taste in the morning: Sulph. Merc. Bry. Calc. Sil.
When solid food tastes bitter: Sulph. Bry. Rheum. Rhus-t. Hep. Coloc.
Ferr-met.
Food and drink both bitter: Puls. Chin.
bitter taste after eating or drinking: Puls. Bry. Ars.
in the morning or evening: Puls. Arn.
at different times, or continually, besides the above medicines: Acon.
Bell. Verat. Nux-v. Cham. Ant-c. Carb-v.
For sweet taste: Merc-v. Sulph. Cupr-met. Bell. Puls. Bry. Chin.
Ferr-met. Spong.
in the morning: Sulph.
when bread tastes sweet: Merc-v.
beer: Puls.
blood-like, sweetish taste: Ferr-met. Sulph.
when like nuts: Coff.
For salt taste: Carb-v. Rheum. Ph-ac. Nux-v. Sulph. Ars. Nat-m. Cupr-met.
when food tastes salty: Carb-v. Sulph.
salty taste when coughing: Carb-v. Cocc.
For sour taste: Rheum. Ph-ac. Nux-v. Chin. Sulph. Caps. Calc. Nat-m.
Cocc. Cupr-met.
food tastes sour: Chin. Calc.
after meals: Puls. Nux-v. Carb-v. Nat-m. Cocc. Sil.
after drinking water: Nux-v. Sulph.
after drinking milk: Carb-v. Sulph.
in the morning: Nux-v. Sulph.
Acrid, biting taste: Verat. Rhus-t.
Brunt, smoky taste: Puls. Nux-v. Sulph.
taste like herbs: Verat. Nux-v.
taste like peppermint: Verat.
Earthy taste: Puls. Hep. Chin.
insipid taste: Puls. Rheum. Staph. Bry. Chin. Sulph. Dulc. Rhus-t. Ip.
Caps.
slimy taste: Bell. Rheum. Arn. Rhus-t. Plat-met.
Greasy, oily taste: Sil. Caust.
greasy taste: Caust.
sticky taste: Ph-ac.
watery taste: Staph. Chin. Caust.
Putrid taste: Arn. Merc-v. Bell. Bry. Cham. Puls. Acon. Verat. Ph-ac.
Sulph. Rhus-t. Nat-m. Cupr-met. Caust.
in the morning: Sulph. Rhus-t.
after meals: Rhus-t.
taste like pus: Puls.
When tobacco has a sharp taste: Staph.
when bitter: Cocc.
loathsome: Ip.
disagreeable: Ign. Puls. Nux-v. Arn. Calc. Cocc.
When food has no flavor: Merc. Puls. Staph. Bry. Nux-v. Ars.
absence of taste: Verat. Bell. Puls. Rheum. Bry. Hep. Hyos.
in chronic cases: Sil. Nat-m.
Zungediagnosis:
[Dr. Douglas Borland]
Nat-m.: shiny red broken by patches of white. Salty taste.
Nat-ars.: Flabby, toneless, with visid mucus in mouth. Bitter taste.
Nat-c.: Sensitive, slightly inflamed, small blisters on margins, bright
red tip. Burning in mouth.
Nat-p.: Thickly coated and white or yellow at the root. Sour taste in
mouth.
Nat-s.: Dirty, thickly coated (dirty yellow or brown). Much mucus.
Blisters on the cheek or inside of the lips, rather than the tongue. Loss of
taste.
Ulcer on the Tongue
Merc-i-r. is in general the best remedy, except for
patients who have been overdosed with Mercury/Amalgam – Nit-ac. [in potency]
both internally and as a gargle?, should be prescribed.
Bad breath is caused by problems of the teeth or gums or indigestion or
chronic respiratory diseases. The cause should be sought and treated very fast
as it is a real problem with many people.
Arn. + sore, beaten-up feeling in the whole body.
Aur-met. (old persons/adolescent girls) with
restlessness and very sad nature.
Merc. with bitter or metallic taste in the mouth,
excessive salivation and intense thirst for large quantities of cold water.
Tongue thick and shows imprint of teeth.
Nervous trembling and profuse,
offensive perspiration.
Nit-ac. + spongy, bleeding gums and loose teeth.
Tongue clean and red. Nervous, general weakness, strong-smelling urine and dry,
cracked skin.
Nux-v. with swollen gums, ulcerated lips or tongue
and sour taste in the mouth. An over-sensitive nature, frequent ineffectual
desire for stools and tends to catch colds.
Puls. with dry
tongue and sweetish taste in the mouth. Thirstless and a weeping nature.
Agri. =
Odermennig/= Bubenläuse/= Fünfblatt/= Kaiserkraut/= Leberkraut/= Klettenkraut/=
Natternzunge/= immortal crane/= Brustwurz/= Schafklette/= Magenkraut/=
Steinkraut/= Kirchturm/= Milzblüh/B.B.
Anschusa = Ochse.nzunge.x Boraginales.:
Asplenium. scolopendrium = Hirschzungenfarn
Balanidae = See.-pocken.:/strecken sich „Wie Zunge.:“ aus ihr Gehäuse
Chelo. = Balmony/=
Snakehead/= white turtlehead/= fishmouth
Cynoglossum officinale = Gewöhnliche Hund.szunge Boraginales.:
Cymbalaria muralis = Zimbelkraut/=
Muur.-leeuw.enbek Lamiales. enthält Bufotenin.x
Cyn-d. = dog’s tooth gras/= devil’s gras
Erythronium = Trout. Lillies/= Dog.s tooth violet.s Liliales.x
Ferocactus latspirus = Teufel.szunge Caryophyllales.x
Galeopsis = gelber Hohlzahn Phytologie: Lungen Lamiales.x
Labiatae. Flowers resembling the lips of a mouth and four-lobed
ovaries.
Lap. = Grindwurz/= Ochsenzunge/= Scheißblättchen/= Saukraut/= Altes Ross
Leontondon autumnalis = Herfst. Leeuw.entand/= Milch.kraut Asterales.x
Lina. =
Frauenflachs/= Lin sauvage/= Toad-flax-Snap Dragon/= Common toadflax/=
Froschkraut/= Löwe maul
Pseudo elephantopus = dog.’s tongue Asterales.x
Ruscus hypoglossum = Zungenblatt/= Zäpfleinkraut/= Hadernblatt Asparagales.: Organ: Zäpflein
Ruta. = Weinraute/= Rue/= bitterwort/= dogtooth daisy/= Tränen der Helena
Sanguis. vulpis: = Blut + Speichel + Teil des Zungespitzens eines Füchsleins.: Quelle: Helios
Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii' = Snake.plant or mother.-in-law's tongue/= Bogen.-hanf.x air
filtering plants.: Asparagales.x
Scolo-v.: = Hirschzunge
Talpa europaea = Maulwurf = Pel.: talpa =
Pelz des Maulwurfes w Mammalia.x
Münze./Coca.blätter werden Tote im Mund gegeben als Lohn für den Übergang
Salz. wird Säugling bei der Taufe im Mund gegeben
„two-faced.“ = doppeltzüngig/= heuchlerisch
Loxodonta
africana. = ivory/= Elfenbein
Bad Taste in the Mouth
Repertory:
Bitter taste in the morning: Sulph. Merc-v. Bry. Calc. Sil.
When solid food tastes bitter: Sulph. Bry. Rheum. Rhus-t. Hep. Coloc. Ferr-met.
Food and drink both bitter: Puls. Chin.
Bitter taste after eating or drinking: Puls. Bry. Ars.
For sweet taste: Merc-v. Sulph. Cupr-met. Bell. Puls. Bry. Chin.
Ferr-met. Spong.
For salty taste: Carb-v. Rheum. Ph-ac. Nux-v. Sulph. Ars. Nat-m. Cupr-met.
When food tastes salty: Carb-v. Sulph.
Salt taste when coughing: Carb-v. Coc-i.
For sour taste: Rheum. Ph-ac. Nux-v. Chin. Sulph. Caps. Calc. Nat-m. Coc-i. Cupr-met.
Acrid, biting taste: Verat. Rhus-t.
Burnt, smoky taste: Puls. Nux-v. Sulph.
Taste like herbs: Verat. Nux-v.
Taste like peppermint: Verat.
Vergleich: Siehe: Anhang + Zahnschmerz Repertorium
„Hat die Katze deine Zunge gefressen“
Schwäbische Maultaschen. -
Fleischfüllung klein gehackt und im Nudelteig versteckt – nicht umsonst wird
diese Spezialität auch „Herrgottsb’scheiß.erle“ genannt.
Atharva Veda/ancient Greeks associated lips anointed with honey with the
gift of eloquence.
‡ Beziehung
zwischen Eisen und Sprache anämie. ‡
[Dr. Trevor Cook]
The make-up of the tongue
A vital, highly active, sensitive organ, the beginning and the only
visible part of the digestive tract. Sometimes called the mirror of the
stomach. It can prove to be a key-factor in determining many conditions and the
The tongue is a flexible muscular organ of the mouth. It is meant for
tasting, moisturising, licking, kissing, mastication of food, swallowing and
speech. Its muscles are attached to the lower jaw and to a bone above the
larynx.
Its rough texture produced by tiny nodules or papillae projecting from
its upper surface. Sensory nerves or taste buds situated at the sides and the
base of the tongue and the motor nerve distributed across the muscular
substance.
Ask to protrude the tongue and check for any deviation, discomfort or tremors.
Examine the dorsum of the colour and any coating or furring. Enlarged or
flabby? Note the condition of the papillae.
Any cracks, fissures or patches on the tongue? Ask the client to elevate
the tip with the mouth wide open. Camine the undersurface of the anterior
tongue. While conducting this examination it is pertinent to study the lips,
The healthy tongue is free of any discomfort, such as pain, stinging,
burning, swelling, excrescences or numbness. It is moist, with a rough surface,
and has an evenly coloured pink surface overlaying pale red. Inspection of
Tongue conditions
Cuts: The tongue is considered to be the fastest healing organ in the
body. Wounds should respond within 48 hours with correct treatment, otherwise
consult a physician.
May be treated with a mouthwash of Calendula mother tincture or a
mixture of equal volumes of Calen. and Hyper. mother tinctures (Hypercal), 10
drops in ½ cup of water.
If there is suppuration, Hep. 6 C also.
Bites/bitten Tongue: Ledum
6 C for puncture wounds with imprints of teeth, or as for cuts. Hydr. Merc-c.
Mer-s. or Rhus-t. may also be considered. All in 6 C or 30 C.
Coloration:
Red Tip of Tongue: Usually a dietary problem with excessively acid
foods. Reduce acidity by increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables:
Nat-c. 6 C, Bell. 6 C, Nat-p. 6 C,
White Salivation and bad, slimy taste. White ‘thrush’ tongue. Kali-c. 6
C or Kali-m. 6 C. Bry. 6 C or Tarax. 6 C might also be useful. For white
patches, Tarax. 2 C.
Dry. thick white Coating is a sign of toxification.
drainage remedies. Berb. 6 C for kidney dysfunction,
Chel. 6 C for liver dysfunction, or Kali-s. 6 C or Tarax. 2 C.
Also consider Bapt. 6 C or Ars. 6 C.
Senna for constipation.
Greyish-white mapped tongue Swelling.
Tongue feels dryish or slimy. Kali-m. 6 C or Nat-m. 6 C.
Smooth, pale tongue May
suggest a nutrional deficinecy; the healthy tongue is rough. A healthy,
balanced diet is necessary. the biochemic remedy Kali-p. 6 C.
Purple Lach. 30 C. Consider also Petr. 30 C.
Red edges Merc-s. 6 C Consider also Ars. 6 C,
Chel. 6 C or Lyc. 30 C
Reddish with pale edges: (and possibly tiny white spots).
Indicates a liver problem. Nat-s. 6 C, Chel. 6 C, Berb. 6 C or Solid. 6 C.
Black or blackish: Consider
Merc-s. 6 C, Carb-v. 6 C, or Ars. 6 C.
Black at the centre: Phos.
30 C.
The tongue can also be brushed gently night and morning using a
Calendula mouthwash.
Blue Ant-t.
6 C or Ars. 6 C.
Possible heart condition. Lips may be blue. Dig. 6 C or 30 C. Consider
Conv. 6 C or Crat. in mother tincture.
Brown Ars. 6 C or Bapt. 6 C. If worse in
the morning, Rhus-t. 6 C.
Red Bell.
6 C. If swollen, Rhus-t. 6 C. If fiery red, Apis. 6 C. Rhus-t. has fiery red
triangular tip. A strawberry tongue indicates Bell.
Grey or greyish-yellow Ambros. 6 C
Grey-green Nat-s. 6 C or Nat-p. 6 C. A thick
grey-green coating may suggest severe constipation. drainage remedies,
including Senna 6 C and increase water intake to
daily
minimum.
Yellow thick, dirty coating Chel. 30 C if a liver problem is
suspected. Consider Rhus-t. Kali-bi. or Spig. all in a 6 C potency.
Multicoloured Lach.
6 C
[C.G.Raue]
Color of Saliva
A blue color has been observed in slow poisoning by lead.
Yellow, even greenish saliva has been found in liver complaints and
jaundice.
Appearance of saliva:
Twitching tongue Glon.
6 C or 30 C.
Trembling tongue Lach.
6 C or Mer-s. 6 C. If the tongue is protruded and trembling, the Lach.
Accompanied by stammering choose Stram. 30 C or Arg-n. 6 C.
Tongue tremor This
condition could indicate hyperthyrodism, and a blood test would be required
(incl. weight loss, bulging eyes, insomnia, restlessness and
depression). Meanwhile Kali-p. 6 C
can be given.
Wrinkled tongue Consider
Calc-p. 6 C or Phos. 6 C.
Swollen tongue An
enlarged tongue may indicate thyroid enlargement, an underactive thyroid gland
(hypothyroidism). Other symptoms include weight gain
and
lethargy.
Fuc. 6 C, prepared from sea kelp
(high in I, the major constituent of thyrodine). Alternatively Iod. 6 C.
Remedies to be considered are Anac. and Puls. both at 6 C.
Tongue swollen, flabby where the teeth leave marks would indicate Mer-s.
6 C.
Smooth tongue Accompanied
by redness and soreness. Indicating anemia (iron deficiency anemia). There may
be an earthy taste. Ferr-p. 6 C.
In the morning or on waking, Op. 30
C, Puls. or Rhus-t.
At night, Nux-m. 30 C (‘Sensation as
if dry’).
Dry Tongue may be caused by stress or nervousness (before addressing an
audience/before an examination). Feels tongue-tied, unable to speak. Arg-n. 6 C
the night before and 1 hour before the event or consider Gels. 6 C or 30 C.
Drink plenty of water.
Itching Apis. 6 C. Dulc. 6 C or Sulph. 30 C.
Tongue in constant motion Loquacious, but in motion even when
not talking. Tongue may be protruded. Phyt. 6 C or Hyos. 6 C and follow with
Lach. 6 C or
Phos. 6 C.
Mucus/saliva
Sticky Arg-n. 6 C. Sep. 30 C or Nux-m. 30
C.
Bitter, Chel.
6 C.
Pain in tongue:
On swallowing Calc-p.
6 C or Phyt. 6 C.
On talking Kalm. 6 C or Lyc. 6 C.
On puffing out Phyt.
6 C or 30 C.
Burning pain (smarting) Ars. Iris. Sang. or Verat-v. (all 6
C). Acon. could be given initially (one dose).
Soreness Nit-ac.
6 C or Thuj. 6 C.
Paralysis Difficult articulation of speech.
Caus. 6 C or 30 C, Gels. 30 C, Lyc. 30 C or Op. 200 C (left side). See also
Trembling tongue.
Sensitive tongue:
Whole tongue Tarax.
2 C
Blisters Gums may bleed. Zinc-met. 6 C.
Numb Nat-m.
6 C is indicated (+ tingling sensation). Also consider Gels. 6 C or Acon.
(initially).
Hot Bell. 6 C Apis. 6 C.
Inflamed Apis.
Lach. Crot-c. all 30 C.
Coatings:
Greyish film May be caused by excessive use of
antibiotics. Ambros. 6 C or Kali-c. 6 C or Chel. 6 C.
Ulcers:
White: Kali-i. 6 C. Tongue may have
greyish-white coating.
Small. Merc-s.
6 C. May be the result of stress. A vitamin C supplement may be helpful.
Possibly follow up with Psor. 1M.
Bleeding: Merc-s. 6 C or 30 C. Ulcers at edges
of tongue may be treated with Nit-ac. 6 C or, if under the with Lyc. 30 C.
Schistocerca americana.: = American
bird grasshopper/= Heuschrecke/= Zähne des Windes
Amor-r. = Teufelszunge/= Tränenbaum
Schwäbische Maultaschen. -Fleischfüllung klein gehackt und im Nudelteig versteckt- dies wird „Herrgottsb’scheißerle“ genannt
[Dr. Colin Lessell]
Temporomandibular Joint- Disorders of:
Cracking of the joint – Rhus-t.
Painful cracking of joint – Gran.
Pain in joint on swallowing – Arum-t.
Vorwort/Suchen. Zeichen/Abkürzungen. Impressum.